Women’s Bodies in Taoism Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

Women’s Bodies in Taoism â€Å"I would rather live in a world where my life is surrounded by mystery than live in a world so small that my mind could comprehend it.† This powerful statement by Henry Emerson Fosdick so simply defines the concept of a common Chinese religion. Taoism is a religion practiced by many Asians and by people around the world. It is a religion that is so beautifully complex and yet based on principle as simple as breathing in and out. This paper will outline some basic information on the Taoist tradition, examine the views of the female body in Taoism as presented by Barbara Reed and my own critique of the tradition will be provided. A brief history of Taoism is required in order for us to pursue these goals. To begin with, Taoism originated from a man named Lao Tzu. He wanted to deeply come to an understanding of how one could induce human beings to live together. Tradition says that he developed such a theory but there was no one around to listen to him. In turn, he hopped on his water buffalo and rode to Tibet. When he arrived, he found a border guard and Lao Tzu taught the guard his philosophy. The guard agreed with all Lao Tzu stated and he encouraged Lao Tzu to write his teachings down. The word Tao means â€Å"The way†. This is the entire basis of the Taoist tradition, finding harmony, living peaceably and being creative during the flow of nature. Taoists have a goal as living life for â€Å"the way†and achieving immortality. The Taoist tradition has two sacred texts. Both of these texts â€Å"extol the way of nature as the path of happiness.† says Barbara Reed in Women in World Religions.(161) The Tao te ching is the basic text for Taoism. It has been translated to mean â€Å"The Way an... ... History, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1970. Reed, Barbara, â€Å"Taoism†, Sharma, Arvind, eds. Women in World Religions, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1987. Schipper, Kristofer, The Taoist Body, University of California: Berkley and Los Angeles, CA, 1993. Smith, Houston, The World’s Religions, HarperCollins, San Francisco, CA, 1991. Tortchinov, Evgueni A., The Doctrine of the â€Å"Mysterious Female† in Taoism: a Transpersonalist View, Department of Philosophy, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, reprinted from, Everything is According to the Way: Voices of Russian Transpersonalism, Bolda-Lok Publishing & Educational Enterprises, Brisbane, Australia, 1997. http://etor.h1.ru/mystfem.html Young, Serinity, eds. An Anthology of Sacred Texts By And About Women, The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1993.

Ethical Challenges in the Era If Health Care Reform

Ethics, Law, and Policy Vicki D. Lachman Ethical Challenges in the Era Of Health Care Reform n truth, the United States is at the beginning of a long overdue and a much needed health care reform. We have seen the dismal statistics about our high cost health care system and some of the less than stellar outcomes (e. g. , infant mortality) (Callahan, 2011; World Health Organization [WHO], 2011)). The purpose of this article is not to complain about the current health care system, but instead to focus on existing reform efforts — The Patient Protection and he Affordable Care Act (ACA), the ethical justifications for its creation, and ethical challenges it brings. I Key Features of the Law ACA offers new ways for consumers and providers to hold insurance companies accountable. The most important parts of the law are features described in the following discussion. Because of space limitation, I will highlight some elements of the law that are enacted through 2014 and clearly impact nursing. These selected features include insurance choices, insurance costs, rights and protection, and people age 65 and older. Insurance ChoicesThe intention of the law is to expand health care coverage to most U. S. citizens and permanent residents by requiring most people to have or purchase health insurance (HealthCare. gov, 2012a). Citizens will have a choice of private insurance, employer-paid insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, or state-based insurance exchanges. Affordable Insurance Exchanges. Individuals and small businesses can purchase coverage through these exchanges, with premium and cost-sharing credits available to individuals and families with income between 133%-400% of the federal poverty guideline (in 2011, the overty guideline was $18,530 for a family of three) (Werhane & Tieman, 2011). Businesses with 50 or more employees need to make coverage available, and businesses with less than 25 employees will qualify for tax credits to offset their cost (Kaiser Family Foun dation, 2011). Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP). The ACA produces a new kind of non-profit health insurer, called a Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP). CO-OPs are meant to offer consumer-friendly, affordable health insurance options to individuals and small businesses. By January 1, 2014, individuals will be able to buy a CO-OPVicki D. Lachman, PhD, APRN, MBE, FAAN, is Clinical Professor, and Director, Innovation and Intra/Entrepreneurship in Advanced Practice Nursing, Drexel University, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Philadelphia, PA. 248 health plan through the Affordable Insurance Exchanges. Pre-existing condition insurance plan. All covered benefits are available to individuals, even to treat a pre-existing condition. This program offers temporary protection for people with pre-existing conditions until 2014, when insurance companies can no longer deny individuals coverage based on their health status.Young adult coverage. Individuals can add or k eep their children on their health insurance policy until they reach age 26. The law makes it easier and more affordable for young adults to get health insurance coverage. Insurance Costs ACA holds insurance companies accountable. It also helps individuals keep their costs down. Value for individual’s premium dollar. ACA requires insurers selling policies to individuals or small groups to spend at least 80% of premiums on direct medical care and efforts to improve the quality of care. Unfortunately, this does not apply to self-insured plans.Lifetime and annual limits. ACA restricts and phases out the annual dollar limits a health plan can place on most of its benefits. Furthermore, ACA eliminates these limits completely in 2014. Rate review. Insurance companies must now justify proposed rate increases for health insurance. Insurance companies cannot raise rates by 10% or more without first explaining the reasons to the state or federal rate review program. Rights and Protecti ons The ACA puts consumers in charge of their health care, not insurance companies. The following rights and consumer protections are available. Preventive care.Individuals may not have to pay a copayment, co-insurance, or deductible to receive recommended preventive health services, such as screenings (e. g. , mammograms and colonoscopies), vaccinations (e. g. measles, polio, or meningitis), and counseling (e. g. , smoking cessation, weight loss, healthy eating). Doctor choice and ER access. Individuals can choose any available participating primary care provider and they can access out-of-network emergency rooms without prior approval. ACA prohibits health plans from requiring a referral from a primary care provider before women can seek coverage for obstetrical or ynecological (OBGYN) care. People 65 and older. ACA offers eligible elders a range of preventive services with no cost-sharing. ACA also provides discounts on drugs when older adults are in the coverage gap known as the â€Å"donut hole. † July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 Ethical Challenges in the Era of Health Care Reform TABLE 1. Views of Liberal Egalitarians vs. Libertarians and Free-Market Advocates Liberal Egalitarians Libertarians and Free-Market Advocates Health care is a fundamental good and access to this good Role of government is confined to protecting the freedom of all allows us to become full members of society. ersons to choose their own goals and means to pursue them. This right to health care must be exercised by removing all People have a right to non-interference. barriers to access. Justice, equality, and community are values. Freedom and personal responsibility are values. Health care is a right. Health care is a commodity. Single-payer system is the solution. Decentralized market mechanisms with personal payment are the solution. Preventive services. The list is significant and begins with an annual wellness visit. Other important preventive services include bone mass measurement; cervical cancer creening, including Pap smear tests and pelvic exams; colorectal, prostate, and diabetes screening; influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis B immunizations; and many other services. There are other services and features in the ACA that could be discussed, but we will now move to discuss the ethical justifications for the ACA. The controversy it has created in the eyes of individuals with a free-market or libertarian view will be compared to those with a liberalegalitarian outlook. Ethical Justifications for the ACA Since 1986, the Emergency Treatment and Labor Act has prohibited hospitals from refusing acute care to any ndividual who could not afford to pay (CMS. gov, 2012). â€Å"Consequently, $100 billion of care annually is ‘costshifted’ onto patients who can pay, almost all whom are insured. This shift raises the average annual health insurance premium roughly $1,000 for every insured family† (Crowley, 2009, p. 10). This lack of distributive justice for the insured is one reason why insurance is being mandated in ACA. It is equally unfair to mandate that all citizens have insurance if insurance is not affordable, as this could cause significant harm to individuals and families already struggling financially.Therefore, the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence are supported by the features of Affordable Insurance Exchanges and the development of Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans. Ethical reasoning for health care reform has relied primarily on distributive justice as justification for change, specifically due to lack of access to care for the underinsured and uninsured (Lachman, 2009). According to the U. S. Census Bureau, 46. 3 million people in the United States were uninsured in 2008 (ProCon. org, 2012). The United States is the only developed nation in the world hat does not guarantee health coverage. Table 1 offers a comparison of views of persons who support distributive justice, see health care as a right, and therefore want a single-payer system with those individuals who want to continue the free-market system. â€Å"To single-payer advocates, the primary goal of health policy is ensuring that everyone can obtain some minimal level July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 of health care† (Sade, 2007, p. 1429). Making access to health care widely available permits individuals to be fully functioning members of society and the moral ommunity (a group of people drawn together by a common interest in living according to a particular moral philosophy). On the other hand, Americans who are libertarians and free-market advocates mostly look beyond the natural (genetic) and social (upbringing) lottery that places some at a disadvantage and instead look to the individual’s free will and personal responsibility for actions (Callahan, 2011; Pariser, 2012; Trotter, 2011). They believe health care is one of the many options from which to choose to improve the ir lot in life. Their belief in personal responsibility can make them unsympathetic o people with unhealthy lifestyles for whom they would ultimately have to spend their insurance dollars. They also resent having to fund treatments they personally would not choose (e. g. , transplants, mechanical ventilation for person in persistent vegetative state). Though many wealthy individuals support health care reform out of benevolence, they do fear the loss of freedom which is central to their value system. However, two additional factors drive change for health care reform — significant cost and quality problems. In 2007, health care expenditures totaled $2. 2 trillion, 16. 2% of the U.S. economy. Health care employs more than 14 million people and is the largest industry in the United States. Of the 193 WHO member states, the United States is ranked first in per capita health care expenditures ($6,719) (ProCon. org, 2012). The present health care system is not giving the utility f or the dollars spent. This cost problem is a reason that ACA has a focus on physicians counseling individuals on end-of-life options. It found that about 30 percent of Medicare dollars are spent during the last year of life, and half of that is spent during the last 60 days. In 2009 dollars, Dr.Gordon calculated, that amounts to $70 billion a year, much of it spent on futile care that prolongs suffering (Brody, 2009, para 20). Unfortunately, politics initially got in the way in 2009 with the â€Å"death panel† jargon and this counseling was dropped from ACA; however, this end-of-life options counseling was incorporated into 2011 Medicare reimbursement for health care providers (HealthCare. gov, 2012b). 249 Ethics, Law, and Policy WHO (2011) statistics also indicate the money spent is not putting us at the top of the list in quality outcomes. The infant mortality rate for the United States in 2009 was even deaths per 1,000 live births, ranking the United States 43rd among WHO nations. Rates for Sweden, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Iceland are all half of the United States rate. Quality is a focus of ACA in the preventive realm and with quality measurement. Two essential principles of the ACA are that: 1. Provider reimbursement for health services is based, in part, on the relative quality and patient experience of the care provided. 2. Information about that comparative quality and patient experience will be publicly accessible. Quality and patient satisfaction will be rewarded by ata from hospital comparison required by the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems for Medicare patients. â€Å"The implications of Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) regulations for hospitals are clear — FY2013 implementation at 1% of base DRG payments, rising to 2% by FY2017† (Acton, 2012, para 2). Hospitals will have to earn it back by achieving and maintaining high quality and positive patient experiences. T his consequential focus in the patient care experience supports the autonomous choice of the patient for hospitals and physicians. Ethical Challenges of ACA Legal ChallengeBefore discussing three key ethical challenges health care providers will face, the legal challenge before the Supreme Court needs to be addressed. This challenge determined if the ACA requirement to purchase health insurance violates Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U. S. Constitution: Congress shall have the Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and the general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States†¦ (Werhane & Tieman, 2011, p. 83)The argument against this mandate is that the government has never required people to buy any good or service as a condition of lawful residence in the United States. However, every working person is required to pay into Social Security and Medicare. The counter argument is that these are government-mandated and governmentrun programs. This argument ultimately could support a Supreme Court decision of only a government-run singlepayer system, an action libertarians and free-market advocates oppose. Second, there are requirements for car insurance for drivers, and flood insurance for persons ho live within authorized distance from a possible flood plain. Because all people will need health care at some point in their lives, the argument could be made that insurance should be a requirement so as not to burden the moral community with the costs of those who do pay for insurance (Hamel & Nairn, 2011). 250 On June 28, 2012, the U. S. Supreme Court endorsed most of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, including the contentious individual mandate that requires most Americans to obtain health insurance. In a 5-4 decision, the court said the federal government has he power to fine Americans who do not ac quire insurance because it is considered a tax (Jaslow, 2012). Electronic Medical Records The requirement for electronic records could generate a significant ethical challenge for privacy and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the $20 billion for health information technology from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) did little to change the current HIPPA privacy paradigm (Crowley, 2009). Furthermore, it is likely patients will carry their personal health records in their own electronic devices or retrieve them through the Internet.A transformation in rural health care is likely through telehealth and telehomecare. These innovations will bring expertise to patients to facilitate the best choice in their treatment decisions. The challenge will be to assure informed consent and confidentiality in this expanded digital age. Chronic Disease Management Individuals with chronic illness benefit significantly from palliative care services, not just at end-of-life care but througho ut the disease progression. The ACA focus on chronic disease management is best exemplified by this phrase: â€Å"An integrated care approach to managing illness hich includes screenings, check-ups, monitoring and coordinating treatment, and patient education† (HealthCare. gov, 2012b, para 1). Feministic ethics, with its focus on managing the particulars of any person’s situation, celebrates this personalized service to individuals who must manage illnesses often for many years. In her book, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Nell Noddings (2003) argued that a morality based on rules is inadequate. She contended this approach loses the richness of the moral dilemmas people face, and nly situational and contextual knowledge of the individual can help resolve the moral quandaries of life. Shaping Health Care Policy According to the Code of Ethics for Nurses, provision 9 (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2001), nurses have an obligation to  "work individually as citizens or collectively through political action to bring about social change† (p. 25). This responsibility to shape social (health care) policy calls for nurses to voice concerns about the meaning of the rejection of the individual mandate for society. The libertarians and free-market advocates reinforce a caricature of American individualism and weaken a sense of responsibility for oneself and fellow citizens†¦It neglects one side of the equation, forgetting that we are not only individuals with the freedom to choose, but also members of society called to uphold a common good. (Hamel & Nairn, 2011, p. 94) continued on page 245 July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 Ethics, Law, and Policy REFERENCES continued from page 250 Therefore, nurses and nursing associations have the ethical challenge to stand firm for patients and ensure the long-term sustainability of our health care system.Nurses need to advocate for the people without a voice — t hose discriminated against because of health status and lack of insurance. Conclusion ACA has provided a forum for debate about not only health care insurance, mechanisms to maintain financial stability of its systems, and strategies to ensure access to millions of people, but also has contributed to defining American society’s values. It is easy to argue against the individual mandate impingement on choice and freedom. However, other provisions provide children, adults, and elders with coverage and services that will help keep hem healthy and support them in their management of chronic diseases, while quelling the fear of bankruptcy. The Supreme Court will decide the legal matters in ACA, but it will not resolve the ethical matters. Can Americans continue to allow the self-protective practices of insurance companies in excluding high-risk individuals (e. g. , pre-existing conditions, lifetime caps on benefits)? The principle of autonomy was never meant to abandon the moral r elationships that continue to be necessary for the human good. â€Å"The nurse respects the worth, dignity and rights of all human eings irrespective of the nature of the health problem† (ANA, 2001, p. 7). July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 Acton, A. (2012). The hidden risk (or reward) of HCAHPS. Retrieved from http://blog. healthstream. com/blog/bid/103384/The-Hidden-Risk-orReward-of-HCAHPS American Nurses Association (ANA). (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretative statements. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Brody, J. E. (2009). End-of-life issues need to be addressed. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/18/health/18brod. html Callahan, D. (2011). Health care reform: Can a communitarian perspective be salvaged?Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 32(5), 351-362. CMS. gov. (2012). Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA). Retrieved from http://www. cms. gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/ Legislation/EMTALA/index. html? redirect=/EMTALA/ Crowley, M. ( 2009). Connecting American values with health care reform. Garrison, NY: The Hastings Center. Hamel, R. , & Nairn, T. (2011). The individual mandate: A rancorous moral matter. Health Progress, 92(4), 88-95. HealthCare. gov. (2012a). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://www. healthcare. gov/law/full/ HealthCare. gov. (2012b). Chronic disease management.Retrieved from http://www. healthcare. gov/glossary/c/chronic. html Jaslow, R. (2012). Medical groups laud Supreme Court’s decision on Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/8301504763_162-57462837-10391704/medical-groups-laud-supremecourts-decision-on-affordable-care-act/ Kaiser Family Foundation. (2011). Summary of new health reform law. Retrieved from www. kff. org/healthreform/8061. cfm Lachman, V. D. (2009). Ethical challenges in healthcare: Developing your moral compass. New York, NY: Springer. Noddings, N. (2003). Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education.Berkeley, CA: Universit y of California Press. Pariser, D. M. (2012). Ethical considerations in health care reform: Pros and cons of the affordable care act. Clinics in Dermatology, 30(2), 151-155. ProCon. org. (2012). Right to healthcare: Did you know? Retrieved from http://healthcare. procon. org/ Sade, R. M. (2007). Ethical foundations of health care system reform. Annuals of Thoracic Surgery, 84(5), 1429-1431. Trotter, G. (2011). The moral basis for healthcare reform in the United States. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 20(1), 102-107. Werhane, P. , & Tieman, J. 2011). Clearing the brush: Myths surround the Affordable Care Act. Health Progress, 92(4), 82-84, 86-87. World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). World health statistics 2011. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/whosis/indicators/WHS2011_ IndicatorCompendium_20110530. pdf 245 Copyright of MEDSURG Nursing is the property of Jannetti Publications, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listser v without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Human Brain Quiz - How Well Do You Know Brain Anatomy

Essay On Industrial Relations - 1566 Words

State Business Relations and Performance of Manufacturing Sector In Karnataka *Dr.Sathyanarayana Assistant Professor in Commerce Government First Grade College Hosakote, Bangalore Rural Mail:sathyanarayana80@gmail.com ** Prof.THARAMATHI.D Assistant Professor in Economics Government First Grade College Hosakote, Bangalore Rural Abstract Industrialization is both a policy and a process. It is a policy in the sense that the business groups in a given society, based on its calculations of the market conditions, government regulations and societal conditions decide either in favor of or against such a move. It is a process in the sense that business groups, in its venture towards industrialization tend to†¦show more content†¦It is a process in the sense that business groups, in its venture towards industrialization tend to constantly interact with various organizations such as the government, trade unions, economic organizations and also the members of the civil society – in fact, economy itself is embedded in civil society (Moran, 2006). Broadly speaking, we can identify two major actors or players who play important roles in the industrialization processes of the state – the Government and the business community. We call them organizations as they are characterized by recognized principles of s overeignty, exclusiveness and command structures of their own (Leftwich, 2006). Nevertheless, they are controlled in their activities by the institutional framework, consisting of rules, norms and conviction, within which they are expected to operate. It is against this background that it becomes highly essential to understand the nature and status of industrial development in the state of Andhra Pradesh with respect to the state’s policy incentives or disincentives. Further, we intend to concentrate on the role of the government in Karnataka, in initiating the processes of reinventing the industrial sector in general and the manufacturing sector in particular. The policy of re industrialization and re-emphasis on manufacturing assumed importance as the probable response to certain critical conditions – suchShow MoreRelated Industrial Relations Essay2210 Words   |  9 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Industrial peace is one of the core issues in the field of industrial relations. 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In Australia, the industrial relations had become a big issue, so â€Å"following the 24 November 2007Read MoreHrm and Ir1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. Definitions of terms HRM and IR will be identified through the review of the origin and development of these two areas. Moreover, I have pointed out the theoretical scope of the two subjects and key features

The Radio Communication - 4452 Words

LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND IMPORATNCE OF RADIO COMMUNICATION ON BOARD A Research Paper Presented to the Marine Transportation Department John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation-Bacolod Alijis, Bacolod City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation By: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Communication is easily overlooked, but the ability to communicate effectively is necessary to carry out the thoughts and visions of an organization to its people. The importance of speech and words whether through paper or voice is a communication medium to convey directions. Without communication, there is no way to express thoughts, ideas and feelings. There are many†¦show more content†¦Ships also use an emergency radio beacon system as a standalone piece of safety equipment when in distress. 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In particular, the project aims to study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system that combines energy-efficient ultra-wideband architectures with secure and RF-spectrum-saving optical technology. Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologiesRead MoreWireless Communications, The Radio Industry1425 Words   |  6 PagesWith the recent surge in wireless communications, the radio industry has seen an increase in the number of different communication standards each requiring its own specific hardware and processing. Our project addresses the need for radio interoperability with these various standards through the development of hardware generators for a software defined radio (SDR) system. These hardware generators will be created using Chisel, a hardware construction language. When given a set of parameters or constraintsRead MoreTaking a Look at Radio Communication1644 Words   |  7 Pagesmost important contributions to communication is the invention of radio communication. It has provided a platform for wireless cellular communication. According to an article, it was first believed that ‘The wireless telephone will also cover the seas, lak es and waterways, supplementing the wireless telegraph over short distances’ (Burt, 1908, para. 3). If only he knew that wireless telegraph will become a thing of the past. The first effective radio communication system was developed by GuglielmoRead MoreRadio Communications Implemented An Alert Essay1999 Words   |  8 Pagesworkload â€Å"beyond fair and reasonable standards† or an increase in operational costs beyond budgetary limits (Brannon, 1956, p. 240). Results For Kansas City’s conversion, Brannon (1956) reported several results from the changeover. Two-way radio communications implemented an alert tone system, which would enhance the effectiveness of the dispatcher’s ability to assign calls more efficiently. Additionally, a Dictaphone tape recording system was installed as a means of permanent record keeping. WithRead MoreCommunication, Radio, And Becoming Part Of The Community1684 Words   |  7 Pages†. The goal of Special Forces is simple, to serve and protect our nation and to carry out special missions. In this essay, I will give you the reader a better understanding of the reason for this groups existence, their methods of communication, radio communication, their authority, and becoming part of the community. First of all, I will give you a brief overview of who they are as a group. Created June 19, 1952, the Special Forces is said to be the most highly trained versatile special operationsRead MoreCommunication Theory And Public Intellectual, Radio, And The Newspaper998 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1964, Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory and public intellectual, coined the phrase â€Å"The medium is the message.† The aforementioned quote, taken straight from Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, states the medium itself controls and shapes controls and shapes how humans interact with the message; this quote has stayed with me since I learned it in high school, not only because it sparked my interest in the media business, but it also allowed me to understand

Doing Business in Thailand Free Essays

Thailand†s booming economy has encouraged me to begin a new business relationship with a highly recognized Thai company. I manufacturer a line of products for the sugar processing industry. I recently signed a one-year contract with Thai Chemiclas and Engineering Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Doing Business in Thailand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ltd., located in Bangkok, to be my exclusive representative in the Thailand area. Thai Chemicals and Engineering will promote my product line and get it into the all the sugar mills in the area. They will purchase two containers per month for which we have negotiated a compatible price. The containers will be shipping out of Savannah, Georgia with a final destination of the port of Bangkok. The shipping terms will be CIF: Bangkok. I decided to use a local company to represent my product line for various reasons. First of all, I need someone that knows the culture and business environment who has an established relationship with other locals. Once my products become known, I would like to establish a! factory in Thailand. Therefore, I found it necessary to gather all the information required to begin a new business in Thailand. Although business can be 100 % owned by foreign investors, some are reserved for 51 % Thai ownership. People of any nationalities can participate in ownership to varying degrees: through sole ownership, a limited companycorporation, an ordinary partnership, a limited partnership, or a branch of a foreign corporation. The Ministry of Commerce’s Department of Commercial Registration is directly in charge of company registration. The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is a well-developed financial institution which welcomes foreign investment. Bangkok’s modern Don Muang International Airport can easily serve your arrivals or connections. Thailand is equipped with an extensive and ever-developing transport infrastructure and an extensive state-run rail system. There are numerous shipping ports including Bangkok’s Klong Toey Port and the Eastern Seaboard’s Mab Ta Phut and Laem Chabang deep-sea ports within 200 kilometres of Bangkok. Typical business hours are : for banks and financial institutions, Monday – Friday 9:30 a.m. – 3:30 p.m.; Government offices, Monday -Friday 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (closed noon – 1 p.m.); private business, Monday – Friday from 8:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. The Royal Thai Government (RTG) has been reducing import duties and trade barriers as part of its obligations as a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and as a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA). A Factory Establishment Licence must be obtained from the Ministry of Industry. Fees depend on machinery power rating and the number of employees. Arbitrary customs valuation procedures constitute another barrier to U.S. exports. The Thai Customs Department may use as a check price the highest previously invoiced price of a product imported from any given country and may disregard actual invoiced values in favor of the check price for assessment purposes. On June 6, 1995, the Thai Cabinet approved a policy to require, on a case by case basis, countertrade on government procurement contracts valued at over 500 million baht ($20 million) Thailand maintains several programs that subsidize exports, including preferential financing for exporters. Thailand’s export-import bank, established in September 1993, is responsible for some of these programs, particularly the packing credit program. One of the most prominent trade issues between the United States and Thailand has been the extent of Thailand’s protection for U.S. copyright, patent and trademark holders. The Kingdom of Thailand respects all international laws regarding copyrights and trademarks. Thailand passed a new copyright law in December 1994 that strengthened legal copyright protection and increased the penalties for copyright infringement Amendments to the trademark law in 1992 provide higher penalties for infringement and extend protection to services, certification, and collective marks. Under current Thai regulation, only persons of Thai nationality may be licensed in many professional services, including accounting, architecture, engineering, construction management, brokerage services and legal services. However, there is planning to revise these regulations. The announcement of National Executive Council No. 281, commonly known as the Alien Business Law, limits foreign equity in many Thai firms to less than fifty percent. The Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations between Thailand and the United States provides for 100 percent U.S. ownership of companies in most industries. Businesses in the fields of communications, transport, fiduciary functions, natural resources, or trade in agricultural products are excluded from treaty coverage. The Communications Authority of Thailand imposes stringent equity and revenue sharing requirements on International Value Added Network Service (IVANs) providers. In conclusion, The World Bank predicts that Thailand will be the world’s eighth largest economy within 20 years by the year 2020. Thailand will have a larger economy than Brazil, Britain, France, Italy and Taiwan. Thailand’s own National Economic and social Development Board has seen a doubling of the economy in the year 2000 and the Kingdom ranking first in Southeast Asia, among the seven ASEAN states. I feel that this is the perfect timing to invest and I am confident that my business will prosper. 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Migration of Business to Cloud Computing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Migration of Business to Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction In this new world of technology, Cloud computing has been offering solution for the problems those have been taxed IT departments for years and plagued the organizations. Managing and Maintaining IT in-house has been resulting in heavy burden for the organizations that have been implementing IT infrastructure for the smaller and big organizations. This has been also resulting in beneficial manner for the SMEs (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises) in both managing and securing those data properly and in efficient budget. Cloud computing is availing the consumers with data access at anywhere via connecting to the internet and managing them to keep safe while transferring to its stakeholders for operational activities. One side this is providing facilities and security at low budget but also raising creation security issues that might affect the organization. Cloud computing performs on basically three platforms that are: IaaS (Information-as-a-service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-service), SaaS (Sofytware-as-a-Service) that are enhancing the performance of the Cloud computing services. These are being delivered through deployment of following models: Community Cloud, Public Cloud and private cloud. Australian finance industry is in its very early stage of Cloud adoption as many of the financial industries are using a limited range of Cloud based services. The approach of using Cloud based services has not been strategically placed and for some of the cases the consumers would not be aware of the services that could be provided by the Cloud computing. Based on the survey made by (Chang, Walters Wills, 2014) almost 88% of the financial industries are using cloud-based services and implementation of Cloud computing is rapid manner and among them 81% of the industries were aware with the services offered by Cloud computing. The survey resulted that about 50% of the Australian Finance industries are using hybrid of Private Cloud and Public Cloud as this is a common approach for financial industries. Other than this 42% of the industries are practicing in-house IT and moving non-critical services like collaboration, content management tools, and email management to the Cloud based services (Schulte et al., 2015). Some of the financial industries are using Cloud services as a testing environment in manner to plead the development of use cases that could be better option for assessing the hybrid of Public Cloud and on premises, in-house hosting of the Cloud services. It is also being used by the financial industries as test beds for new and innovative applications and among all the industries only 8% of the industries are using strict Private Cloud only policy. Main objectives are compliance and privacy concerns including the confidence that the Private Cloud can satisfy the business requirements of the org anization (Gai, 2014). The strength that are using Cloud based services among them 92% of the industries have an already developed strategy that is based on hybrid of Private and Public Cloud hosted both in-house and externally IT services. Based on this it can be stated that the confidence among the financial industries have been increasing towards adopting Cloud Computing services within the system of the organization. On the other hand it can be noted a certain level of prudency on the context of migration towards Cloud computing. Some of the consumers are avoiding migration of data to the Cloud and instead of that they are choosing it to use for the digital transformation of the business. Cloud adoption Example (Finance Industries) NASDAQ OMX Data on-demand: It is a Software-as-a-service (SaaS) Cloud service that provides flexible and easy access to the massive amounts of historical dataand is produced in the market with the support of Xignite. It can be accessed through API (Application programming interface) and is a web application that can be helpful in managing users to purchase data online. It can also be used as plain texts (Mahmood et al., 2014). CME Clearport OTC Data on-demand: It is an on-demand Software-as-a-services (SaaS) web service that has the same Xignite platform and can be helpful in offering accesses to end-of- day OTC volume, open interest, and settlement data in manner to provide support to the markets that are available through CME Clearport (Pattnaik, Prusty Dash, 2016). Australian Banks using Cloud for risk analysis and non-core processes: There has been use of IBM iDataPlex servers in various banks of Australia as a part of an Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) strategy in manner to evaluate and build programs related to risk analysis. More than one separate computer can be turned into a pool of shared resource that can be referred as cloud.PaaS Cloud vendor Force.com has been being used by Morgan Stanley for its recruiting applications that is providing many benefits in extensive Cloud penetration in strategy and analytics (Asatiani et al., 2014). Gridglo real-time energy apps: The startup, Gridglo, is developing SaaS services for their startup in manner to sell information to utilities in Australia. It can be described as a mining energy consumption data from smart meters and thereafter the combination of these data with data from other sources like data related to demographic and weather, real estate, energy credit scoring and demand response analytics in manner to categorize different types of consumers for providing tools that can be helpful in energy forecasting, including an energy tool for financial risk (McConky et al., 2015). Microsoft Azure DataMarket for the Energy Industry: Cloud services offered by Microsoft DataMarket SaaS can be a helpful in enabling the exploration, discovery and consumption of data from the commercial data sources and trusted public domains for example, health, demographics, weather, real estates, navigation, transportation, and location- based services, and many more. Analytics for enabling insight from that data and visualization is also included in it (Coleman et al., 2016). A common API can also be used for incorporating these data into software applications for any of the devices. Many of the energy industries have been using these platforms in manner to create analytic applications and energy forecasting. There are certain challenges in implementation of Cloud computing which can be listed as: data security, data privacy, vendor lock-in (Absence of standards), availability, and compliance into the existing system of the financial industries (Sanei et al., 2014). Following are the ways in which these challenges may impact the Australian finance industries: Financial organizations are apprehensive about the data might get compromised on a public Cloud or monetization of the data related to the customers may happen by Cloud vendors. An example can be a better explainer such as traders in a firm might be worrying about migrating their proprietary strategies related to trading in a Cloud because there are chances that the competitor might be using the same Cloud and get access to the saved data (Moreno-Vozmediano, Monentro Liorente, 2013). This implies that risk analyst and portfolio managers are much apprehensive about the location for the assets as it may lead to barrage of lawsuits or have reputational implication on the firms. Vendor lock-in is another concern in the implementation of Cloud computing as most of the service providers access to their resources through APIs to their resources. Shifting from one vendor to another might cost a lot for the organization which will neglect the first priority of using Cloud hosted application which was low cost (Avram, 2014). Compliance risks which includes providing enough evidence for care taking of the data and proving risk management processes are the another challenges in the clod hosting application adoption for finance industries. Loss of governance and Isolation Failures are the challenges that could put the challenge to control sufficiently resources in the Cloud affecting the security and an unauthorized Cloud computer has the capability to influence the systems on which the Cloud application has been adopting (Tossi, Colheiros Buyya, 2014). Security Issues Isolation Failure: Shared resources and multi-tenancy have been defining the Cloud computing which put this in the category of risk covering the failure of mechanism related to the memory, storage, and reputation between different tenants and routing among them such as guest-hopping attacks (Hashizume et al., 2013). Attacks on resource isolation mechanism can be considered very less numerous and much difficult for an intruder to gain access to it than on traditional operating systems. Management Interface compromise: Public Cloud service provider provides customer management interfaces that can be accessible through the mediate access and internet to the large resources this implies in possessing higher rate of risk, mainly in the circumstances when it is being accessed remotely and web browser vulnerabilities (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). Data breaches: One of most concerning and debating topic for any technology that is being used in this century for all the technologies that are connected to the internet or using internet as a medium. Data that are being saved in the Cloud or being transferred using internet are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. If proper security is not provided to the network an unauthorized user can get access to the data that is being saved in the Cloud and could cause severe damage to the organization in all the way. Modi et al. (2013) stated recent example can be the JP Morgan Chase m Co data breach in which millions of people were affected and this causes damage to the reputation of JP Morgan Corporation and also its share markets were down for some time. Incomplete or insecure data deletion: Request made to the Cloud vendors for the deletion of data could result in incompletely wiping those data. Timely or adequate data deletion might be not possible or may be not desired by the customers at all and this happens because of the unavailability of the extra copies of data or other case may be that the disk that is about to destroyed might stores the data from other clients (Ahmed Hossain, 2014). This mainly happens in the case of multi-tenancy services and reusing the hardware resources which could raises higher risk than the customer who is using the same dedicated hardware resource. Expectation of the customers security: The customers perception on the data security might be different from the data security being provided by the Cloud Providers and the availability of the data security that is being offered by them. In real the actual temptation for the Cloud service provider is to reduce costs without concerning the data security of the individuals (Stojmenovic Wen, 2014). Malicious insider: This is an unusual risk but probably happen to the organization in which the damage might be caused by the individual who have credentials and access to the network of the firm and had been retired or been a formal employee of the organization. He or she might get access to the network and harm the organizational data and information for personal benefits through selling it to the organization or expose those data to an unwilling individual for personal revenge. These are the extremely high risk for the firm and might cause severe damage to the proper functioning of the organization. Availability chain: There could be the creation of single point of failures in many cases because of the reliance on internet connectivity at the end of the customer. Loss Governance: Using Cloud services or Cloud hosted application for managing the data and in formation of the customer, there is the possibility that the client necessarily cedes control to the CP (cloud provider) on various issues as stated above that could be the reason of security issues to those data. At the same moment the Service Legal Agreements (SLAs) might be insufficient to provide any of such promise to provide these services from the side of the Cloud service provider, which creates a gap between the security defenses of the services that are being offered by them. Loss of governance includes compliance issues as the investment made in achieving the agreement or certification might put the process of migration to the Cloud at risk for example regulatory requirements or the industry standards that can be stated as: firstly, The Cloud Service provider does not allows the permission to audit by the Cloud Customers and secondly, there are the chances that Cloud Provider wou ld not be able to provide the evidence of their proposed compliance with the relevant requirements of the Cloud customers (Khetri, 2013). There are many such cases in which the implementation of Cloud computing results specific kind of compliance cannot be achieved for example PCI DSS etc. Lock-in: The guarantees assured by the Cloud service provider towards application, data and service portability is not yet completely achieved as there is still not much flexibility in the tools, standard data formats or procedures that are being offered (Hashem et al., 2015). This could create problem and raise various types of risks (sometimes even impossible) in migrating the data and information related to the customer to another Cloud service provider and back to an in-house infrastructure. This results in complete dependency on the Cloud service providers for the Cloud customers especially for data portability, service provision because most of the fundamentals aspects have not been enabled yet (Ryan, 2013). Threats, Assets, Vulnerabilities, and Risks Risk can be defined as the combination of vulnerabilities and risks those have the capability to affect the assets. For the risk assessment following are the list of risk and vulnerabilities including their impact probability and risk rates with a risk priority matrix have been plotted. VL- Very Low, L-Low, M- medium, H-High, VH-Very high Sl. No. Risk/Vulnerabilities Description Likelihood Impact Priority R1. Lock-in Depending strongly on single service provider for their services could lead to several difficulties in moving to different service provider and may cause serious issues. This could even lead to an impossible attempt to move to another Cloud service provider (Chou, 2015). H M H R2. Loss of Governance Availing Cloud services need a must factor that is a third party involvement that results in Cloud customers necessarily cedes control to the Cloud provider on various issues that will probably affect the security of the system and the data that is being migrated to the cloud. VH VH VH R3. Supply Chain Failure The Cloud Providers might outsourced a part of their production chain to third parties too and could even use another Cloud service providers as a part of their services that might results in the possibilities of cascade failures. L M M R4. Conflicts between the Cloud environment and customer hardening procedures The Cloud Service providers might not be able to provide compliance according to the need of the Cloud customers security measures those results in making their implementation impossible (Pearson, 2013). M M M R5. Social Engineering Attacks (Phishing) It can be refereed as the technique of manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions. It can be categorized as the simple fraud or confidence trick and can also be referred as the trickery of the information for the purpose of fraud, information gathering, or access to the systems sensitive information. Most of the case the attackers does not come face-to-face of the victims. M H M R6. Technical risks Cloud services are on-demand service (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) there are the possibilities that Cloud providers will not be able to maintain the service level that has been promised and he might also not be able to meet the demands that is being increased in a certain shared resources (Drissio, Houmani Medromi, 2013). M Ms M Failing in maintaining the services level L H M Failing in meeting increased demand R7. Isolation Failure In the environment like this where data R8. Malicious Insider (Cloud Provider) The damage to the data information related to the operational activities of the organization of the Cloud Customers assets because of the malicious insider at the Cloud service provider M VH H R9. Interface compromises (availability of infrastructure, manipulation) When combined with web browser vulnerabilities and remote access there are chances of risk to the data security. This is because the customer management interfaces of the public Cloud service providers are mediate access and accessible to the internet to the applications that have been hosting traditionally by the service providers. M VH H R10. Intercepting data in transit During the transfers of the data between the different clouds or the computers using a network, there is the probability that there transfer gets blocked or intercepted by an unwanted or unauthorized user. This generally happens during the transfer of data between the service provider and the customers (Theoharidou, Tsalis Gritzalis, 2013). M H M R11. Ineffective deletion of data or Insecure Deletion of data from the Cloud on the call of the customers does not in real deletes all the data from the Cloud rather than that data are being transferred to the eventual backup media or removed from the storage. During this if the storage had been not encrypted properly, this data could be accessed by other users that might harm the data and misuse it for their personal benefits. M VH H R12. DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) The particular aim of such attacks is to overload a resource, service interface, or network by flooding the network with continuous request from more than one source that are being distributed across a wide topological or geographical area. This implies that the legitimate users will not be able to use the resources as intended (Juliadotter Choo, 2015). M H M R13. EDOS (Economic Denial of Service) Attacks may result in the poor-configuration or budget planning might be altered that will result in the increase of the cost for this implementation into the system and thus it might becomes unaffordable for the consumers willing to take the services. L H M R14. Service Engine Compromised It is one of the most important fundamental part f a Cloud service and compromising this could let an unauthorized user or intruder to access al the related to the customer that has been saved into the cloud (Albakri et al., 2014). L VH H R15. Loss of Cryptographic keys Compromising or losing cryptographic keys that have been used for the digital scanners, authentication, or encryption could affect the data by compromising with an unauthorized users and it could lead to financial damages, denial of services, an loss of data (Furuncu Sogukpinar, 2015). L H M R16. Cloud-specific network related technical attacks or failures Such type of attacks and failures could affect the Cloud services that might also occurred in the classic IT settings. This could cause loss of the internet connectivity because of the failures or attacks on the site of the customers. Or the internet service provider of the customer because of the temporarily reduced in the network bandwidth on the bath that connects the service provider and the customers. Another cause is the global internet conjunction, and the failures in the connectivity path between the service provider and the consumer. M M M R17. Loss of Backups There is the probability that the backup of the data kept by the service provider about the costumers data could get lost or might get damaged or ob the physical medium there has been data saved. L H M R18. Natural Disasters Calamities like earthquakes, flooding, tsunamis and many others could affect the infrastructure of the service provider and will alternatively affect the Customers as most of the service providers have different and far locations (Latif et al., 2014). VL H M R19. Legal Risks Australian Government authorities might ask the operators that are providing services to provide information for any criminal case or legal lawsuits and could access the storage media and the hardware storage devices. H M H R20. Risks from changing jurisdictions When the physical location of the service provider is situated in the country other than the customers change in jurisdiction will affect the security of the information. For example: data may be seized in the name of country security, data may even get seized because that does not belong to the same country. H H H R21. Data protection services Legislations and policies of the different country could lead to the issues related with the security of the data and the information that is being saved on the Cloud in different country. Another issue related with it is the data protection authority from different government cannot be accessed. H H H R22. Licensing Issues Violating licensing agreements of the software supplier could result in financial penalties and several others like disruption of services and many more. M M M R23. Intellectual property issues For both the cases storing data in the Cloud or using any Cloud hosted application could let to the security issues related to the information that is being saved and being executed during the application of software. L M M Risk Assessment Matrix Probability Very High R.2 High R.19 R.1 R.7 R.20 R.21 R.8 R.9 Medium R.6 R.16 R.22 R.10 R.6 R.5 R.4 R.12 R.11 Low R.3 R.23 R.13 R.15 R.10 R.14 Very Low R.18 Very Low Low Medium High Very High Impact Measures to Mitigate Security Issues Following are the measures that could be helpful in enhancing the security of the information and data that are being uploaded on the Cloud and could help in mitigating the issues that may rise due to this implementation into the system. Two-factor authentication technology can be preferable situation for securing the information and data including critical protection or even declining to share the credentials to individual other than companys head can also be a better option (Smith et al., 2013). Making thorough research on the service provider and comparing whether the agreement is matching with the compliance and SLAs or not with the policies of the organization. The research should be accurate and exact. Single Sign-on (SSO) utilization in the organization can also help in boosting the security of the organization. Financial industries use a number of loud applications and services and the individuals might have different credentials to access those services and the applications (Pearce, Zeadally Hunt, 2013). For example OneLogIn provides this facility that could be used for one login password. Another option related to the password can be the use of automatically generated password. End-to-end encryption could also be helpful in ensuring the security of the data and information that is being saved in the cloud. It should be ensured by the customer that the service provider is putting encryption on the files or not, it could also help in protecting files in the hand of hackers. In manner to minimize the risk to the extent level there should be proper encryption over the files before uploading it to the Cloud and should be encrypted by a single decryption code (Fernandis et al., 2014). Secured communication protocol like SSL/TLS could be helpful in protecting the data and information that is travelling in the network. The hardware and software that are being used to operate these systems and services should be up-to-date with the new and latest versions that will also help in minimizing the threats and issues related to the security (Barlow et al., 2013). Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that both the firm and vendors needs to make their contribution in manner to fight back the issues and threats that arises due to the implementation of cloud computing within the organization. The NYSE Euronext community Cloud could be helpful in paving the path for such collaborative contribution that will let multiple firms motivate to have a proportionate stake. Cloud Computing is the most advanced, innovative, and efficient computing utilities that can be implemented within the existing system as services. Recommendation can be made for the finance industries for implementing hybrid cloud system with appropriate differentiating the types of data and information that is about to be uploaded in the cloud. Cloud computing is playing a vital role in changing the face of the computing operations in the finance industries and providing facility to exchange data and access at anywhere. Cloud computing is being contributing in the changes to the provisioning and licensing and of methodologies and infrastructure for application deployment, delivery, and development. References: Ahmed, M., Hossain, M. A. (2014). Cloud computing and security issues in the cloud.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(1), 25. Albakri, S. H., Shanmugam, B., Samy, G. N., Idris, N. B., Ahmed, A. (2014). Security risk assessment framework for cloud computing environments.Security and Communication Networks,7(11), 2114-2124. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Asatiani, A., Apte, U., Penttinen, E., Ro?nkko?, M., Saarinen, T. (2014, January). Outsourcing of disaggregated services in cloud-based enterprise information systems. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 1268-1277). IEEE. Avram, M. G. (2014). Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia Technology,12, 529-534. Barlow, J. B., Warkentin, M., Ormond, D., Dennis, A. R. (2013). Don't make excuses! Discouraging neutralization to reduce IT policy violation.Computers security,39, 145-159. Chang, V., Walters, R. J., Wills, G. (2014). Review of Cloud Computing and existing Frameworks for Cloud adoption. Chou, D. C. (2015). Cloud computing: A value creation model.Computer Standards Coleman, S., Gb, R., Manco, G., Pievatolo, A., Tort?Martorell, X., Reis, M. S. (2016). How can SMEs benefit from big data? Challenges and a path forward.Quality and Reliability Engineering International,32(6), 2151-2164. Drissi, S., Houmani, H., Medromi, H. (2013). Survey: Risk assessment for cloud computing.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,4(12), 2013. Fernandes, D. A., Soares, L. F., Gomes, J. V., Freire, M. M., Incio, P. R. (2014). Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), 113-170. Furuncu, E., Sogukpinar, I. (2015). Scalable risk assessment method for cloud computing using game theory (CCRAM).Computer Standards Interfaces,38, 44-50. Gai, K. (2014). A review of leveraging private cloud computing in financial service institutions: Value propositions and current performances.International Journal of Computer Applications,95(3). Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). 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