Chromosome Probes At The University Of Toronto -----------------------

Chromosome Probes at the University of Toronto ------------------------------------------------------- Uploaded: November 29, 1986. Sensitive chromosome probes recently discovered by a University of Toronto geneticist will make it easier to detect certain types of genetic and prenatal diseases, as well as being used to determine paternity and provide forensic evidence in criminal cases. Probes are short pieces of DNA which bind to, and actually pinpoint, particular sites on a chromosome. Because these new probes are actually repeated hundreds or thousands of time at a particular site, they are much more sensitive than previously available ones. ==[1/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, Dr. F.H. Willard has discovered repeated probes or markers for six plus the gender determining X and Y chromosomes. "What we're trying to decide now is whether to isolate probes for the other chromosomes, or whether we should utilize the eight we have," he says. Dr. Willard is currently negotiating with an American company to develop prenatal diagnostic tests, which, because the current tests are time consuming and technically difficult to do, are restricted to women over 35 and those who have a family history of chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal tests using Willard's probes would be much simpler and faster to perform and could be available to all pregnant women who wish to take advantage of the technology. ==[2/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Current prenatal testing involves growing fetal cells in vitro and examining them, over one or two months, to see if there are two copies of a particular chromosome, which is normal, or one or three, which is abnormal. A test using Willard's probes would require only a few cells and a few days to detect abnormalities. "I don't think it's beyond the realm of possibility that these kinds of tests could eventually be done by an obstetrician in the office during the early stages of pregnancy," he adds. The determination of gender is another possible use for the probes. Many diseases, such as Duschene's muscular dystrophy, show up on the X chromosome, manifesting only in boys. Willard thinks it is possible to develop a test which would quickly indicate the fetus' sex. This would benefit parents whose only option is to have no children or to have only girls. ==[3/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Confirming gender in children with ambiguous genitalia is another medical reason for using the test. A quick examination of the X and Y chromosomes of the child would indicate whether genetically the child is male or female. As yet, Willard has been unable to develop a probe for chromoso me 21. Down's Syndrome results from three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). "I think we'll know within a year whether a test to detect trisomy 21 is feasible, " he says hopefully. The other six chromosome probes which Willard has developed do not immediately lend themselves to diagnostic tests, except for certain cancers, he says. "We have a probe for chromosome 7 and we know that trisomy 7 is a signal for certain types of cancer. Chromosome abnormalities of all kinds are a signpost of tumors." Theoretically, an oncologist could use a ==[4/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= chromosome probe test to examine tissue and obtain a reading for a specific cancer. " It wouldn't suggest a mode of therapy," he points out, "but would be a speedy test and would have prognostic implications for the kind of tumor discovered." As a basic research tool, Willard's probes could be used to develop a genetic linkage map for human chromosomes. "It's important to know the location of genes in the human genome, particularly disease genes. The leading approach to try to sort out disease genes is to use genetic linkage. Because our sequences are at the centromere it would allow us to develop a map." The third application for the probes is in forensic biology. Willard believes his markers are as unique to each each individual as are fingerprints. According to the geneticist, it will be possible to make a DNA ==[5/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= 'fingerprint' from blood or sperm, which could be used as evidence in rape or murder cases. "We

A Representative Congress in A essays

A Representative Congress in A essays The question of whether the Congress is representative towards the American public has been a longstanding question that has become the spotlight of numerous political debates. Many people believe that with a membership of nearly all-white males from a higher social status in society, it is nearly impossible for a true representation to occur. This is a mistake. The Congress is a fair representation of the American public. With the use of a bicameral legislature that serves both public sentiment and national interests, congressional voting that is representative of its constituents, and the power to vote, congressional representation is indeed met. One of the most controversial issues regarding the representation of the Congress is how the lack of minorities and women in membership affect a true representation of the American public. For much of the life of Congress, the membership has been comprised completely of white males. However, with the surface of the civil rights movement and a growing awareness of a diverse America, membership in the Congress has begun to change. There are now African Americans, women, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians that are all members of Congress. Many women used to gain membership into Congress by becoming widows, however, today almost all are elected officials and this trend is on the rise. Nevertheless, white males continue to dominate the majority. Does this mean that representation is still unequal? The answer is no. Regardless of race, culture, and gender differences, members typically make their choices in accordance with their constituents. For example, although most of the African American members vote liberal, this does not necessarily mean that African Americans are all liberal. Rather, these members represent districts that are liberal. This means that voting tendencies dont rely on race; rather they rely on the views of their districts. If a d...

Business law questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business law questions - Assignment Example he employee would still be ultimately responsible for the theft that they committed regardless of the extenuating circumstances of the case and the fact that they paid back the amount at a later time. In short, the defendants were ultimately protected by the release that they had been able to obtain due to the fact that the employee had willingly accepted it at the time it was offered; in full knowledge of whatever economic distress may or may not have existed at that time. Furthermore, the only way in which the plaintiff could have a legitimate case is if they were able to prove that they had been forced to sign the agreement under another type of distress or duress. Ultimately, due to the fact that the employee signed the agreement with a sound mind and under the understanding that they would be experiencing monetary benefit from the arrangement and would hold harmless the defendant for any further threat of legal action against them with regards to this incident. This particular situation has a level of tie in with regards to the way in which many agreements are completed. Whether or not duress is implied within a given situation, consent to abide by the terms of a legally bin ding contract necessarily precludes almost any further actions that can be made by such an individual with regards to such a situation. Although this is not necessarily ethical or fair, it does help to underscore the importance of reading and understanding the ramifications of what paperwork is signed and/or agreed to in any given situation. With regards to the binding nature of Corning Glass Works to Hanan Consultants, the oral contract is of course non-binding. However, it should be noted that it is highly unethical to make an oral contract with a vendor and then fail to uphold it based upon the fact that it is no longer convenient for either party involved. Such actions have made it necessary for participants in any contract to obtain written and legal promissory notes to ensure

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline Essay

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example With a higher value, consumers will most likely be ready to pay an extra price, giving the firm a competitive advantage over other firms. Porter also identified the focus strategy whereby a firm concentrates on a particular segment in the market whereby it may have an advantage in regard to the cost or differentiation of products (Porter, 1998). This paper presents the application of Porter’s generic strategies in GlaxoSmithKline, which is a pharmaceutical company offering a variety of products for treatment of various diseases. Differentiation strategy is highlighted as the mostly commonly used strategy, although the organization uses the cost leadership strategy. The differentiation and cost leadership strategies are applied by the organization to maintain its competitiveness. The organization is usually involved in market research to ensure that it satisfies a wide range of consumers with various illnesses such as; asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart problems among many other pharmaceutical products that are essential for severe ailments. The firm also produces vaccines that are essential for protecting healthy people from severe diseases such as hepatitis and tetanus among others. Consumers are also provided with healthcare products that they can readily access from the shops for their day to day uses. These include painkillers such as panadol and hygienic products such as aquafresh tooth paste. Lucozade is also an energy drink that is used globally (Chandon, 2004). The differentiation strategy of GlaxoSmithKline significantly helps in maintaining profitability in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry. The firm’s products are of unique quality and consumers attach a high value to them. This is mainly as a result of the perception that the firm possesses the capacity of offering most of the highly needed pharmaceutical products. The highly

Critically discuss how youth work practice contributes to young Essay

Critically discuss how youth work practice contributes to young peoples transition from dependence to interdependence - Essay Example The young person starts to look for groups that share similar thoughts and attitudes in the search for consistency within the self that would enable the creation of identity. There may be a variety of factors acting on an individual at this stage: parental demand for conformity to social norms, peer pressure for conforming to norms of the group and individual’s conflict of conformity versus striking out to find a path or acceptance with a peer group. In cases where the family situation is rife with conflict due to parental temperament, financial pressures, surrounding social situations, the conflict within the young adult leads to undesirable behavioral outcomes. The growing individual leaves behind the state of sensory exploration and becomes more conscious of the self as a part of the world. Coleman and Hendry explain the connection between the onset of puberty and the development of self identity. At this stage, the individual develops a sense of being a person distinct from others and is conscious of the image being presented to the world. At this stage, physical appearance takes precedence and the varying stages of bodily development can be a source of continuing dissatisfaction. Steinberg’s research suggests that the emotional dependence of the young individuals on the parents reduces with the onset of puberty and the increased search for identity. Kroger attempts to explain the stage of identity formation as a natural sequence that a child goes through after initially mapping a significant elder’s identity. The individual seeks to understand the self at a psychic level and arrive at a personal conclusion of ways to live by. The early stages of adolescence find children in different stages of physical maturity. The acceptance of the changing physicality at the peer, family and social level impacts the individual’s views of the changes. As the body develops, young

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks 2. Literature Review: This chapter will provide an overview of; the scientific basis behind why adding nitrogen will cause an increase in carbon stocks, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on tree carbon stocks documented in the current literature, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon stocks documented in the current literature and information more specifically targeted at the UK and the South Downs. 2.1. The global nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is strongly coupled with the carbon cycle, this dependence on one another and key feedbacks is illustrated in figure 2. 1. If the availability of one of these elements changes it will affect the biochemical cycle of the other element and eventually the functioning of the entire ecosystem (Gruber Galloway, 2008). Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is a requirement for the growth of plants and soil microorganisms, the processes of both play key roles in the global carbon cycle. The rise in anthropogenic CO2 has been observed to increase plant photosynthesis and therefore plant growth and carbon storage (Oren et al., 2001). This growth however can be limited by the levels of Nr available in soils (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), hence in Nr poor ecosystems the potential carbon sink could be limited. In some regions it is conceivable that anthropogenic production of Nr could provide the nutrients necessary to reduce limitations on plant growth (Ciais et al., 1995). Prior to the industrial revolution reactive nitrogen, any form of nitrogen species other than N2, was only made available to the terrestrial ecosystem by natural processes, such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and lightening, since industrialisation a number of sources of Nr have become much more significant (Figure 2.2). BNF allows the terrestrial ecosystem to acquire essential nitrogen compounds a through a series of reactions that convert N2 into ammonia (Ciais et al., 2013). Initially there was an equilibrium between the input of Nr to the ecosystem and its loss through the process of denitrification, however since industrialisation this equilibrium no longer exists. Humans produce a quantity of Nr that is much greater than that produced naturally in ecosystems. This Nr is produced by humans in a number of wa ys: 1) it is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, producing NH3 as a fertiliser for crops, this nitrogen is then spread through run off and emission into the atmosphere; 2) the growth of crops such as legumes that are associated with mycorrhizal fungi and higher levels of BNF (Hayman, 1986); and 3) the combustion of fossil fuels which converts N2 and fossil fuel nitrogen into nitrous oxides (NOx) which are emitted into the atmosphere and then deposited on terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean (Ciais et al., 2013). This undeniable evidence of the anthropogenic perturbation of the nitrogen cycle and the close relationship between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle highlights the need to understand how additions of nitrogen will interact with the carbon cycle, and in what way this will impact carbon sinks and therefore feedback to the climate. The increased supply of Nr can be expected to increase terrestrial CO2 uptake by increasing NPP (net primary productivity) (chapter 2.2.1) or reducing the rate of organic matter breakdown (chapter 2.2.2). It must be noted however that additions of Nr will not exclusively increase CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere: negative direction (in situations where it accelerates organic matter breakdown)-> ) O3 formed in the troposphere as a result of NOx and volatile organic compound emissions reduces plant productivity, and therefore reduces CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. On the global scale the net influence of the direct and indirect contributions of Nr on the radiative balance was estimated to be –0.24 W m–2 (with an uncertainty range of +0.2 to –0.5 W m–2)(Erisman et al., 2011). The balance between the directions will determine the potential. 2.2.1 Forest Carbon Uptake- Trees Various studies have assessed the possible impact of increased nitrogen on tree carbon stock and a variety of methods have been employed. One approach involves assessing the relationship between the spatial trends of carbon uptake, found by study of forest growth or net ecosystem production (NEP), and nitrogen deposition. In their 2007 study Magnani et al. employed a variation of this technique. Carbon stocks and their fluxes were measured in 5 representative chronosequences in Europe. In addition data from the literature, from a further 13 chronosequences and two uneven aged stands were used. Estimates of wet deposition of nitrogen were calculated from various data sets. The relationship between wet nitrogen deposition and NEP was then analysed graphically and statistically. Studies of the influence of nitrogen deposition at stand level have also been carried out, one example of this is a study by Solberg et al. (2009). The impact of nitrogen deposition was evaluated by using deposi tion values from the growth period (1993-2000). These values were then correlated with the values for relative volume which was calculated as actual increment in % of expected increment. In their study Magnani et al. (2007) found a strong relationship between C sequestration and wet N-deposition (Figure 2.3d) with an R2 value of 0.97. Though they found this relationship was largely obscured by age effects when individual stands were considered. Solberg et at. (2009) found that nitrogen deposition had a fertilising effect of slightly higher than 1% increase in volume increment per kg N ha-1 yr-1. The results of these papers can be converted into nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) in order to make them comparable, where NUE is the response of carbon sequestration to nitrogen deposition in kg C/kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Thus it was calculated that Magnani et al. (2007) found an NUEeco value of approximately 475 kg C/ kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Sutton et al. (2008) found this value to be unlikely and tested the data against more appropriate N-depostion values for the period suggested and produced results calculated by de Vries et al. (2009) to be between 91 and 177 kg/C/N. The NUE value for trees in the study by Solberg et al. (2009) were calculated to be equivalent to 19-38 kg C/ kg N. Another important area of research in this field is the evaluation of C-N stoichiometry of ecosystem compartments because it strongly influences the potential for carbon fixation to respond to nitrogen deposition (de Vries et al., 2009). Nitrogen entering the ecosystem can be traced by applying isotopically labelled nitrogen (15N) to the forest floor and tracking its movement. Melin et al. (1983) applied this techniques in nitrogen-limited Scots pine stand in Sweden, to study the distribution and recovery of the labelled fertiliser. The application rate was 100kg of ammonium nitrate-N/ha. Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) carried out similar 15N tracer experiments in nine temperate forests for three years. Further to this de Vries et al. (2006) used the same methodology as Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) at over 6000 level I plots (From a large-scale forest condition monitoring scheme based on a 16 x 16 km gridnet across Europe). Site specific soil C/N ratios were utilised and the assumption of an increase of upto 0.1 of N retention fractions in stem wood that are influenced by N deposition. Melin et al. (1983) reported a value of between 12 and 28% of nitrogen applied recovered in trees. De Vries et al. (2009) used the C/N ratio of 500 for stem wood estimated by Nadelhoffer et al.(1999) to calculate a NUEtree of 30-70 kg C/kg N. A NUEtree of 25 kg C/kg N was calculated in the same way for the results presented by Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) which showed 5% of nitrogen applied to be recovered in woody biomass. The results of direct fertilisation experiment methodologies are important to consider for this research paper, low doses of N fertiliser are applied to selected sites for a long-term (8-30 years) study. Hyvonen et al. (2008) ran experiments in Sweden and Finland in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands. 15 sites were selected for long-term experimentation that ranged from 14 to 30 years. Low (30-50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or high (50-200 kg N ha-1) doses of N-fertiliser either alone or in combination with other nutrients were applied to plots no smaller than 30 x 30 m. Diameter at breast height (DBH), number of trees ha-1 and tree height (when available) at each plot on each occasion of measurement were utilised to calculate biomass. The amount of carbon at each site was estimated to be 0.5 of the biomass. Changes in the C-pool was calculated for each site and the effect of N-fertilisation was calculated as the difference between the fertilised plots and the control plots. Pregitzer et al . (2007) applied 30 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from 1994 to 2004 to four different hardwood forests in Michigan. Tree growth was measured yearly and compared with control sites. Hogberg et al. (2006) ran a 30 year experiment in unpolluted boreal forest. N fertiliser (ammonium nitrate) was applied to replicated (N=3) 0.09 ha plots. 3 doses were prescribed, 34, 68 and 108 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The highest level of application was cancelled after 20 years to allow recovery to be assessed in the subsequent decade. Hyvonen et al. (2008) presented their results as kg C/kg N and so no further calculations were necessary. They found that for the low dose application of N NUEtree was 25 kg C/kg N whereas for high dose it was 11 kg C/kg N. NPK addition produced values of 38 and 11 kg C/kg N for low and high doses respectively. Pregitzer at al. (2007) found an increase of 5000 kg C ha-1 in woody biomass, with a total application of N of 300 kg N ha-1 for the whole study period this equates to 17 kg C/kg N (de Vries et al, 2009). Hogberg et al. (2006) found an initial increase in tree growth at all doses of nitrogen treatment. However in the long-term the impact of fertilisation was found to be highly rate dependant. The high dose showed no gain, medium dose gave an increase of 50 m3 ha-1 and low dose a growth increase of 100 m3 ha-1 as compared to the control. In order to calculate NUEtree de Vries (2009) assumed a wood density of 500 kg m-3 and C content at 50% to calculate a net C gain of 25, 000 k g C the total N input was also calculated and net C gain was divided by this value to give 25 kg C/kg N for the lowest levels of N application. Model simulations have been used extensively in the literature. Levy et al. (2004) used three models (CENTURY, BCG and Hybrid) that employ a Monte Carlo approach, utilising conceptual algorithms that depend on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The models were applied to a coniferous forest in Sweden for a 100 year period. Simulated nitrogen deposition levels were from data by Schulze (2000) the current ambient nitrogen deposition of 12 kg N ha-1 year-1 or 10 Ãâ€" current ambient nitrogen deposition, 120 kg N ha-1 year-1. Sutton et al. (2008) used the same inputs as Levy et al. (2004) but calculated a smaller value of total N-deposition (6-26 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Milne and Van Oijen (2005) used a complex forest growth model (EFM) directly parameterised to 22 specific sites selected across Europe, because growing conditions such as soil nitrogen levels were available for the sites. Model simulations were run for an 80 year period, control runs maintained N-deposition v alues at their 1920 levels whereas environmental change scenarios ran observed values of change averaging 10.5  ± 5.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the whole period.

The Road Not Taken Analysis :: Free Essays

Line 1 In this line Frost introduces the elements of his primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Back to Poem Lines 2-3 Here the speaker expresses his regret at his human limitations, that he must make a choice. Yet, the choice is not easy, since "long I stood" before coming to a decision. Back to Poem Lines 4-5 He examines the path as best he can, but his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to acquire more information, he is prevented from doing so because of the nature of his environment. Back to Poem Lines 6-8 In these lines, the speaker seems to indicate that the second path is a more attractive choice because no one has taken it lately. However, he seems to feel ambivalent, since he also describes the path as "just as fair" as the first rather than more fair. Back to Poem Lines 9-12 Although the poet breaks the stanza after line 10, the central idea continues into the third stanza, creating a structural link between these parts of the poem. Here, the speaker states that the paths are "really about the same." Neither path has been traveled lately. Although he’s searching for a clear logical reason to decide on one path over another, that reason is unavailable. Back to Poem Lines 13-15 The speaker makes his decision, trying to persuade himself that he will eventually satisfy his desire to travel both paths, but simultaneously admitting that such a hope is unrealistic. Notice the exclamation mark after line 13; such a punctuation mark conveys excitement, but that excitement is quickly undercut by his admission in the following lines. Back to Poem Lines 16-20 In this stanza, the tone clearly shifts. This is the only stanza which also begins with a new sentence, indicating a stronger break from the previous ideas.

Blade Runner

Texts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the values and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The context in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are presented. Invariably, texts from differing contexts cause the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of audience and the difference in values and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time. The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compared and contrasted in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (The Director’s Cut) and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shelly’s work, most prominently in the animation of Frankenstein’s monster. This allusion to Giovanni Aldini’s public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the responder a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of life, by presenting the notion that electricity was the â€Å"spark of life†. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote â€Å"the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart†. The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"disgust† convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was also considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were becoming increasingly common. Blade Runner Texts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the values and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The context in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are presented. Invariably, texts from differing contexts cause the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of audience and the difference in values and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time. The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compared and contrasted in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (The Director’s Cut) and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shelly’s work, most prominently in the animation of Frankenstein’s monster. This allusion to Giovanni Aldini’s public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the responder a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of life, by presenting the notion that electricity was the â€Å"spark of life†. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote â€Å"the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart†. The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"disgust† convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was also considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were becoming increasingly common.

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The rise to power of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia unleashed one of the profoundest revolutions in world history. The upheavals were huge and resulted in misery and suffering for millions of people. One outcome was persecution of ethnic Vietnamese who had been living in Cambodia. Migration of many peoples throughout Southeast Asia has been a feature of history. This has resulted in a great deal of ethnic diversity. While most people are generally able to rub along together tolerably well, there are some exceptions and the treatment of the ethnic Vietnamese is one of these. The Vietnamese had traditionally been considered with some suspicion because of economic success wherever they had settled and because of the large numbers of the Vietnamese and, hence, the perceived threat they represented to other peoples. This situation was exacerbated in the wake of WWII when attempts to throw off European colonialism were led by the Vietnamese both in terms of success and in terms of a sustainable ideology. Communism appeared to many to be the only realistic alternative to colonial rule, since religious ideology and monarchism appealed only to minorities of people. As a result, the Vietnamese took an older brother position with respect to communism in mainland Southeast Asia. Intentionally or not, advisors and political experts quickly came to dominate thought and practice in both Cambodia and Laos. Vietnamese communism provided a real alternative to Chinese or Soviet forms and there seemed to be a real sense of an indigenous political ideology which would be able to unite the peoples of mainland Southeast Asia in independent autonomy. The Khmer Rouge victory destroyed whatever fraternal feelings were really involved in this movement. In their unleashed and unrestrained zeal, Khmer Rouge cadres turned against ethnic Vietnamese as bourgeois traitors to the revolution and undesirables. The turmoil to which this led on the border with Vietnam, as well as the instability it led to throughout the region, caused the Vietnamese to launch an invasion of Cambodia to bring some end to the decades of fighting there. This was of course condemned by the USA and looked upon by suspicion by China and, indeed, the rest of the Communist world, who looked askance upon Communist fighting supposedly Communist brother. In February of 1979, the formal alliance between China and Vietnam expired. This alliance had been born in a spirit of comradeship after centuries of Vietnamese resistance to Chinese attempts to dominate the region in one form or another. With the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the tacit support of the USA, which was more concerned with annoying the Soviet Union, the Chinese launched an offensive when their ultimatum was ignored. Approximately 100,000 Chinese personnel invaded northern Vietnam on February 17th of that year, rapidly reaching and destroying the towns of Cao Bang and Lang Son. The Vietnamese forces resisted fiercely and, better prepared for the difficult terrain in which fighting took place, managed to kill around 30,000 Chinese. The figures for Vietnamese casualties are not known. Laos supported the Vietnamese in their invasion and in their resistance to the Chinese aggression. Really, there was little else that the Lao government could do, since it was reliant upon technical assistance and aid from both Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Deprived of diplomatic support and suffering in the Vietnamese highlands, the Chinese withdrew to within their own borders. However, this was only the precursor to years of persistent raiding on both sides of the border. The Vietnamese used a base on Mount Laoshan to launch a series of raids onto Chinese territory. Most of the action for the next eight years involved artillery fir from both sides and the terrible effects of suffering endless bombing and deprivation. Soviet warships were invited to use the Cam Ranh Bay naval facility in Vietnam, thus helping to satisfy the Soviet requirement for a warm water port which would not see their vessels iced into incapacity for months every year. From the social perspective, the war resulted in harsh treatment to ethnic Chinese who had settled in Vietnam over the years. Economic aid to both Vietnam and Cambodia was officially suspended by the international community and thousands more sought to flee either country, whether by land or by sea.

7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course

7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course 7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course Nowadays learning the English language Ã'â€"Ã'• trulÃ'Æ' a nÐ µÃ' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•Ã'â€"tÃ'Æ' for everyone. ThÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt hÐ °Ã'• rÐ µÃ °llÃ'Æ' Ã' rÐ µÃ °tÐ µd Ð °n Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÃ' Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd glÐ ¾bÐ °l community and its unÃ'â€"vÐ µrÃ'•Ð °l language Ã'â€"Ã'• EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h. It Ã'â€"Ã'• nÐ ¾t unÃ' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n for the US, CÐ °nÐ °dÃ'â€"Ð °n, AuÃ'•trÐ °lÃ'â€"Ð °n Ð °nd UK businesses to have Ã'•tÐ °ff, partners and Ã' uÃ'•tÐ ¾mÐ µrÃ'• all Ð ¾vÐ µr thÐ µ world. ThÐ µ trÐ °vÐ µl Ã'â€"nduÃ'•trÃ'Æ', Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ã'€Ð ¾lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• Ð °nd media are fully connected with EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, so Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã'€lÐ µ have come to the point that they nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ Ã'•Ã'€Ð µÃ °k EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °nd mÐ ¾rÐ µ. No matter whÐ µrÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u lÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð ¾r what Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u do, fluency in English Ã'â€"Ã'• becoming a must to funÃ' tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n todays society. Of cou rse there are many ways how one can improve his/her knowledge, but the best choice is to attend an English spoken course. Still don’t think that it is necessary to work at your English? Here are most important evidence to make you sure that English is a must: The International Language As one Ð ¾f thÐ µ most wÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'Æ' Ã'•Ã'€Ð ¾kÐ µn languages, English Ã'â€"Ã'• knÐ ¾wn as the Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l language. EvÐ µn in Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• whÐ µrÐ µ it Ã'â€"Ã'• not thÐ µ Ð ¾ffÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'â€"Ð °l lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ, Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"Ã'• becoming mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾nlÃ'Æ' spoken. Media Now wÐ µ lÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Media Age, and thÐ µ majority Ð ¾f the information Ã'â€"Ã'• Ã'â€"n English. Most wÐ µbÃ'•Ã'â€"tÐ µÃ'•, magazines, bÐ ¾Ã ¾kÃ'•, vÃ'â€"dÐ µÃ ¾Ã'• and research mÐ °tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °lÃ'• Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"n EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h as well. If you use thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt Ã'â€"n your studies Ð ¾r Ã'€Ð µrÃ'•Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð °ffÐ °Ã'â€"rÃ'•, undoubtedly, Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have already rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd this. Business If Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have a desire tÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ buÃ'•Ã'â€"nÐ µÃ'•Ã'• glÐ ¾bÐ °llÃ'Æ' or Ð µvÐ µn juÃ'•t in thÐ µ US market in the future, being good at thÐ µ EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h language wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ a must fÐ ¾r you tÐ ¾ Ã'•uÃ' Ã' Ã µÃ µd. English-speaking Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã'€lÐ µ have much grÐ µÃ °tÐ µr Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð ¾rtunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• for business growth or Ð µvÐ µn for getting a well-paid job. Career CÐ °rÐ µÃ µr opportunities fÐ ¾r people whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ fluÐ µnt in EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h Ð °rÐ µ muÃ' h mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °bundÐ °nt thÐ °n for thÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µ whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t. People whÐ ¾ lÃ'â€"vÐ µ in Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¾r areas of the wÐ ¾rld can Ð µÃ °Ã'•Ã'â€"lÃ'Æ' get hÃ'â€"gh-Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ã'â€"ng jÐ ¾bÃ'• Ã'â€"n the US just due to knowing English well. Homeworking and wÐ ¾rkÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾nlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"Ã'• bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÃ'â€"ng commonplace Ã'â€"n thÐ µ business wÐ ¾rld tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ'. Most AmÐ µrÃ'â€"Ã' Ã °n Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °nÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• provide people from Ð ¾thÐ µr countries with jobs. English ThÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µ whÐ ¾ want to do business Ð ¾nlÃ'â€"nÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ interested tÐ ¾ knÐ ¾w that over 565 mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"Ð ¾n of IntÐ µrnÐ µt uÃ'•Ð µrÃ'• are EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h speakers. ThÐ µ mÐ °jÐ ¾rÃ'â€"tÃ'Æ' Ð ¾f the websites are also in English. Needless tÐ ¾ Ã'•Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'â€"f Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u wÐ °nt tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð µtÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ glÐ ¾bÐ °l market, EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h talking Ã'â€"Ã'• a rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µmÐ µnt, Ð °nd bÃ'Æ' hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng your wÐ µbÃ'•Ã'â€"tÐ µ Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ in EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, you wÃ'â€"ll Ã'â€"nÃ' rÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ð µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur rÐ µÃ °Ã' h Ð °nd readership by leaps Ð °nd bÐ ¾undÃ'•. Travelling Even if you Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t interested Ã'â€"n dÐ ¾Ã'â€"ng business glÐ ¾bÐ °llÃ'Æ', you mÐ °Ã'Æ' hÐ °vÐ µ the Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð ¾rtunÃ'â€"tÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ trÐ °vÐ µl abroad Ð °t different Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'â€"nts. WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ã'â€"t would bÐ µ Ã'â€"mÃ'€Ð ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ã'â€"blÐ µ tÐ ¾ lÐ µÃ °rn Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' language Ð ¾f the country Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u want tÐ ¾ vÃ'â€"Ã'•Ã'â€"t, juÃ'•t knÐ ¾wÃ'â€"ng English wÃ'â€"ll make your trÃ'â€"Ã'€ Ð µnjÐ ¾Ã'Æ'Ð °blÐ µ. Education MÐ ¾Ã'•t Ð ¾f the tÐ ¾Ã'€-rÐ °tÐ µd unÃ'â€"vÐ µrÃ'•Ã'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• Ã'â€"n thÐ µ world are Ã'â€"n EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h-Ã'•Ã'€Ð µÃ °kÃ'â€"ng Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• the US, the UK, AuÃ'•trÐ °lÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd CÐ °nÐ °dÐ °. If Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u are Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•Ã'â€"dÐ µrÃ'â€"ng Ã'•tudÃ'Æ'Ã'â€"ng Ð °brÐ ¾Ã °d, Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u wÃ'â€"ll nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ bÐ µ fluÐ µnt Ã'â€"n English not only to Ã'•tudÃ'Æ' Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'•Ð µ universities, but Ð °lÃ'•Ð ¾ tÐ ¾ pass Ð µntry exams as well as to obtain a Ã'€Ð µrmÃ'â€"tion for studying Ã'â€"n thÐ °t Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'Æ'. Books frÐ ¾m Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr thÐ µ wÐ ¾rld are often trÐ °nÃ'•lÐ °tÐ µd Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, more Ð ¾ftÐ µn thÐ °n Ð °nÃ'Æ' Ð ¾thÐ µr language. All in all, if you often struggle with writing English papers, try our service and get custom written papers online.

Selective Media Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selective Media - Lab Report Example Selective media has a limited number of microorganisms it can support in growth because the particular component inhibits most other microorganisms by either limiting their growth or production of toxic substance that inhibit growth of non-selected microbes hence appropriate in the selection of target microorganisms during diagnosis. Diagnostic procedures utilising growth characteristics of enteric microorganisms is one of the cheapest and the easiest microbiological protocol that can be adopted in any low-income laboratory or a facility with high throughput diagnostic equipments. During the diagnosis of enteric medical conditions, use of growth media in the diagnosis of microorganisms gives reliable information that guides subsequent diagnostic studies that aims at targeting a particular pathogen. However, the growth of microorganisms is a characteristic of the media used in the assessment of growth. All media do not support the growth of all pathogens. In fact, only nutrient agar can support the growth of most microorganisms. Therefore, utilising a particular media that targets an individual pathogen is a crucial phenomenon in bacterial culture laboratory practices. Media are made selective for a particular microorganism by the incorporation of growth enhancement component that targets a particular pathogen as well as growth limiting component that inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms. Such media is referred to as selective media because it either enhances or inhibits the growth. Using selecting media makes it easy to discriminate most unwanted pathogens that arise from environmental contamination and likely to give false positive diagnosis. This report assessed the growth, morphology characteristics, differential colony features of the four selected microorganisms (E. coli, Salmonella tyhimum, Shigella flecked, and Staphylococcus spp) on five selected selective media (Phenylethyl alcohol – PEA; Hektoen enteric agar- HEK;

The New Mecca by George Saunders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The New Mecca by George Saunders - Essay Example Saunders narrative the new Mecca has assisted a considerable number of people to change the attitude developed in certain things. Ignorance can make individuals to develop perceptions about certain places that are completely misplaced and untrue. According to Saunders, misconceptions from a far are sources of biasness that can be costly to a person, touring the world is a remedy to eliminating some of these perceptions. The magnificent city of Dubai changed Saunders attitude about a place he had never travelled before and the conclusive statement at the end of his narrative the new Mecca city carries the theme of the narrative. The picture created about Dubai was that it was a risky desert town with makeshift structures, which could not house people of class effectively. When Saunders had not travelled to Dubai, he heard the magnificent ideas that the government of United Arabs Emirates had but he only thought that these were just blusters. Saunders (23) states that, â€Å"Dubai looked something like Dallas circa 1985: a vast expanse of white boxes, punctuated by clusters of freakish skyscrapers†. This implies that the government had indeed fulfilled its plans to develop United Arabs Emirates to the benefit of its loyal citizens. On the plane to Dubai, he was amused to see a new technology based city dazzling in the desert. The ideas that sounded only theoretical to many people were indeed practical and all the projects were underway with some completed. There is a conception that the people in Dubai are violent hence, difficult to learn their language. Very many people doubt whether they can cope up with life in Dubai because of the language barrier. They think that they would find only uncooperative natives as city dwellers who only understand the local languages and it would be hard for them to find a translator. In reality when Saunders landed in Dubai, he was surprised that most of the city dwellers were foreigners who spoke very decent English and were very welcoming even if there were dressed like local Arabs. According to Saunders (24), â€Å"they are young sweet hearted guys from Nepal or Kenya or the Philippines, who speak terrific English†. Indeed Dubai proved to be an international city hence the idea of a language should not linger in the people’s minds. Most of the workers in the city came from the world poorest nations of Africa and southern Asia and all of them were satisfied with the life in this city. Saunders stated that,