Essay On Industrial Relations - 1566 Words

State Business Relations and Performance of Manufacturing Sector In Karnataka *Dr.Sathyanarayana Assistant Professor in Commerce Government First Grade College Hosakote, Bangalore Rural Mail:sathyanarayana80@gmail.com ** Prof.THARAMATHI.D Assistant Professor in Economics Government First Grade College Hosakote, Bangalore Rural Abstract Industrialization is both a policy and a process. It is a policy in the sense that the business groups in a given society, based on its calculations of the market conditions, government regulations and societal conditions decide either in favor of or against such a move. It is a process in the sense that business groups, in its venture towards industrialization tend to†¦show more content†¦It is a process in the sense that business groups, in its venture towards industrialization tend to constantly interact with various organizations such as the government, trade unions, economic organizations and also the members of the civil society – in fact, economy itself is embedded in civil society (Moran, 2006). Broadly speaking, we can identify two major actors or players who play important roles in the industrialization processes of the state – the Government and the business community. We call them organizations as they are characterized by recognized principles of s overeignty, exclusiveness and command structures of their own (Leftwich, 2006). Nevertheless, they are controlled in their activities by the institutional framework, consisting of rules, norms and conviction, within which they are expected to operate. It is against this background that it becomes highly essential to understand the nature and status of industrial development in the state of Andhra Pradesh with respect to the state’s policy incentives or disincentives. Further, we intend to concentrate on the role of the government in Karnataka, in initiating the processes of reinventing the industrial sector in general and the manufacturing sector in particular. The policy of re industrialization and re-emphasis on manufacturing assumed importance as the probable response to certain critical conditions – suchShow MoreRelated Industrial Relations Essay2210 Words   |  9 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Industrial peace is one of the core issues in the field of industrial relations. Moore (1951) suggested that industrial conflicts can be minimized or prevented by resort to two types of procedures: first, a procedure of regulating and limiting the power of the two interest groups, especially by restricting power that can be exercised; second, a procedure of providing positive interference in industrial disputes. Both procedures suggest that beyond workers and employers, a third importantRead MoreEnterprise Industrial Relations Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the changes to the industrial relations system that employer associations advocate would enhance productivity. With regard to issues such as penalty rates and job security, there is evidence that these relate to cost cutting and enhanced managerial prerogative rather than productivity. Discuss Introduction During 2011 employer associations in Australia conducted an active lobbying campaign to introduce legislative changes with respect to industrial relations. Predominantly they were seekingRead Moreâ€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast â€Å"Industrial Relations† and â€Å"Human Resource Management† With the rapid pace of globalization, economic development and the more fierce competition among enterprises, the environment of employment is becoming more and more complex than in the past. The companies, no matter private or state-owned ones, have realized the significance of human resources which is the source of social wealth and plays a decisive role in its creation. The essay is concerned about comparing and contrastingRead MoreIndustrial Relations - Centralised vs Decentralised Essay3950 Words   |  16 PagesThe implementing of the Workplace Relations (Work Choices) Amendment Act 2005 (‘Work Choices’) by the federal Coalition government saw the most audacious industrial relations legislation enacted for the Australian community in over a century (Peetz, 2006). It was to be a central plank in the government’s stated aim of reform by decentralizing industrial relations laws in Australia. The changes were significant and included: - abolition of the ‘no disadvantage’ test - abolition of unfair dismissalRead MoreEssay about Industrial Relations and Problems at Toyota Kirloskar Motors1322 Words   |  6 PagesINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (IR) PROBLEMS AT TKM (TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR MOTORS) 1) Examine the industrial relations (IR) problems at TKM. What factors led to the strike and lockout at the company’s plant? What measures, according to you, should the management and employees take to avoid such problems in the future? Discuss. Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), one of the world largest automobile manufacturers, had entered into the Indian market in 1997 through a joint venture with Kirloskar Group; in 2006 employeesRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 Pagesto write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the last part, the essay addresses variousRead MoreIndustrial Democracy in Zimbabwe1733 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial democracy has its origins in the theories of Kurt Lewin who strongly advocated the idea that the management of change requires full participation from those affected by change (Sambureni 2001). Sambureni further defines industrial democracy as ‘a process in which employees either directly or indirectly through their representatives, share equal power over the decision-making process which management normally reserves to itself’. Industrial democracy is also defined as ‘an arrangementRead MoreHow Can An Ledc Sustain Its Business Endeavours In A Morally1502 Words   |  7 Pagesethical way? This essay will examine the moral ethical principles of an LEDC and the perspective its entrepreneurial endeavours and the difficulties in applying sustainable and ethical business practices. An LEDC is an abbreviation for (less economically developed country. An LED is a country that lacks in financial resources that makes it a struggle in any sustainable economic growth. The backbone of an LEDC relies on its agriculture and civilian labour as opposed to industrial organisations. TheRead MoreThe State Should Stay Out of th e Employment Relationship1504 Words   |  7 Pages| 1001EHR Employment Relations | Assignment Two: The state should stay out of the employment relationship. Critically discuss | | Peiyao NIU (s2838788) | Tutor’s Name: Gabby DanielsTutorial Time: 20:00-20:50 Monday | | The employment relationship may be defined as the relationship between employer and employee over the terms and conditions of employment (Loudoun, Mcphail amp; Wilkinson 2009). In Australia, the industrial relations had become a big issue, so â€Å"following the 24 November 2007Read MoreHrm and Ir1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. Definitions of terms HRM and IR will be identified through the review of the origin and development of these two areas. Moreover, I have pointed out the theoretical scope of the two subjects and key features

The Radio Communication - 4452 Words

LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND IMPORATNCE OF RADIO COMMUNICATION ON BOARD A Research Paper Presented to the Marine Transportation Department John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation-Bacolod Alijis, Bacolod City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation By: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Communication is easily overlooked, but the ability to communicate effectively is necessary to carry out the thoughts and visions of an organization to its people. The importance of speech and words whether through paper or voice is a communication medium to convey directions. Without communication, there is no way to express thoughts, ideas and feelings. There are many†¦show more content†¦Ships also use an emergency radio beacon system as a standalone piece of safety equipment when in distress. This study will be based on the theory; concept and guidelines set by the safety of life at sea (SOLAS) convention which generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships, Whereas the main objective is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety and radio communication services as well as ship requirements for carriage of radio communications equipment. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: While existing theories and literature points out the importance of radio communication on board during navigation and emergency in the middle of the sea. For this reason this study will be conducted to specifically explore further determine how important to learn and be knowledgeable with regards to radio communication on board for safety and security during the navigation. The conceptual framework of this study is graphically presented in Fig.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: This Research study aims to determine the level of awareness on the importance of radio communication on board as experienced specifically by the active deck officers and how these would be associated with the maritime safety and security on board. This study sought to answer the following questions:Show MoreRelatedRadio Communication : Radio And Radio1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe radio has been the first device to allow for mass communication. Radio development began as ‘wireless telegraphy.† In the 1920’s the radio was basically used to contact ships that were out at sea. Radio communications were mostly gained by the use of Morse code messages. During the war, the military used it almost entirely and it became a costly tool in sending and getting messages to the armed forces. In the 1920s, after the war, radios began to grow in popularity amongst the people. AcrossRead MoreThe Communication System Of A Radio1570 Words   |  7 Pagescapacity of being able to converse large amounts of data across various distances. Nowadays the ways in which important data is shared may be complex, but during the advent of radio and the early stages of wireless communication, most communication systems were both linear and basic in essence. A fundamental communication system is composed of a transmitter, a channel, and a receiver; akin to casual conversations, the transmitter can be regarded as the source of information (ie. The person speaking)Read MoreRadio: a Form of Communication3166 Words   |  13 PagesRadio: A Form of Communication Physics Idoh Gersten Mr. Zambizi Physics March 12, 1995 Radio is a form of communication in which intelligence is transmitted without wires from one point to another by means of electromagnetic waves. Early forms of communication over great distances were the telephone and the telegraph. They required wires between the sender and receiver. Radio, on the other hand, requires no such physical connection. It relies on the radiationRead MoreRadio Communications For Public Safety1248 Words   |  5 PagesRadio Communications for Public Safety Alastair Mitchell ajmitchell440@gmail.com Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Cleveland State University December 23, 2016 Introduction Standards need to be set in order to handle current capabilities and handle the demands of what is to come. Standards that come with radio communication have been around for a while and one of those standards includes Public safety radio services. This standard was created for a given scenario were theRead MoreRadio And Optical Wireless Communication1192 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel radio and optical wireless communications with channel coding to develop energy-efficient and secure links for the problem of limited spectrum resource in future wireless applications. In particular, the project aims to study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system that combines energy-efficient ultra-wideband architectures with secure and RF-spectrum-saving optical technology. Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologiesRead MoreWireless Communications, The Radio Industry1425 Words   |  6 PagesWith the recent surge in wireless communications, the radio industry has seen an increase in the number of different communication standards each requiring its own specific hardware and processing. Our project addresses the need for radio interoperability with these various standards through the development of hardware generators for a software defined radio (SDR) system. These hardware generators will be created using Chisel, a hardware construction language. When given a set of parameters or constraintsRead MoreTaking a Look at Radio Communication1644 Words   |  7 Pagesmost important contributions to communication is the invention of radio communication. It has provided a platform for wireless cellular communication. According to an article, it was first believed that ‘The wireless telephone will also cover the seas, lak es and waterways, supplementing the wireless telegraph over short distances’ (Burt, 1908, para. 3). If only he knew that wireless telegraph will become a thing of the past. The first effective radio communication system was developed by GuglielmoRead MoreRadio Communications Implemented An Alert Essay1999 Words   |  8 Pagesworkload â€Å"beyond fair and reasonable standards† or an increase in operational costs beyond budgetary limits (Brannon, 1956, p. 240). Results For Kansas City’s conversion, Brannon (1956) reported several results from the changeover. Two-way radio communications implemented an alert tone system, which would enhance the effectiveness of the dispatcher’s ability to assign calls more efficiently. Additionally, a Dictaphone tape recording system was installed as a means of permanent record keeping. WithRead MoreCommunication, Radio, And Becoming Part Of The Community1684 Words   |  7 Pages†. The goal of Special Forces is simple, to serve and protect our nation and to carry out special missions. In this essay, I will give you the reader a better understanding of the reason for this groups existence, their methods of communication, radio communication, their authority, and becoming part of the community. First of all, I will give you a brief overview of who they are as a group. Created June 19, 1952, the Special Forces is said to be the most highly trained versatile special operationsRead MoreCommunication Theory And Public Intellectual, Radio, And The Newspaper998 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1964, Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory and public intellectual, coined the phrase â€Å"The medium is the message.† The aforementioned quote, taken straight from Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, states the medium itself controls and shapes controls and shapes how humans interact with the message; this quote has stayed with me since I learned it in high school, not only because it sparked my interest in the media business, but it also allowed me to understand

Doing Business in Thailand Free Essays

Thailand†s booming economy has encouraged me to begin a new business relationship with a highly recognized Thai company. I manufacturer a line of products for the sugar processing industry. I recently signed a one-year contract with Thai Chemiclas and Engineering Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Doing Business in Thailand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ltd., located in Bangkok, to be my exclusive representative in the Thailand area. Thai Chemicals and Engineering will promote my product line and get it into the all the sugar mills in the area. They will purchase two containers per month for which we have negotiated a compatible price. The containers will be shipping out of Savannah, Georgia with a final destination of the port of Bangkok. The shipping terms will be CIF: Bangkok. I decided to use a local company to represent my product line for various reasons. First of all, I need someone that knows the culture and business environment who has an established relationship with other locals. Once my products become known, I would like to establish a! factory in Thailand. Therefore, I found it necessary to gather all the information required to begin a new business in Thailand. Although business can be 100 % owned by foreign investors, some are reserved for 51 % Thai ownership. People of any nationalities can participate in ownership to varying degrees: through sole ownership, a limited companycorporation, an ordinary partnership, a limited partnership, or a branch of a foreign corporation. The Ministry of Commerce’s Department of Commercial Registration is directly in charge of company registration. The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is a well-developed financial institution which welcomes foreign investment. Bangkok’s modern Don Muang International Airport can easily serve your arrivals or connections. Thailand is equipped with an extensive and ever-developing transport infrastructure and an extensive state-run rail system. There are numerous shipping ports including Bangkok’s Klong Toey Port and the Eastern Seaboard’s Mab Ta Phut and Laem Chabang deep-sea ports within 200 kilometres of Bangkok. Typical business hours are : for banks and financial institutions, Monday – Friday 9:30 a.m. – 3:30 p.m.; Government offices, Monday -Friday 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (closed noon – 1 p.m.); private business, Monday – Friday from 8:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. The Royal Thai Government (RTG) has been reducing import duties and trade barriers as part of its obligations as a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and as a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA). A Factory Establishment Licence must be obtained from the Ministry of Industry. Fees depend on machinery power rating and the number of employees. Arbitrary customs valuation procedures constitute another barrier to U.S. exports. The Thai Customs Department may use as a check price the highest previously invoiced price of a product imported from any given country and may disregard actual invoiced values in favor of the check price for assessment purposes. On June 6, 1995, the Thai Cabinet approved a policy to require, on a case by case basis, countertrade on government procurement contracts valued at over 500 million baht ($20 million) Thailand maintains several programs that subsidize exports, including preferential financing for exporters. Thailand’s export-import bank, established in September 1993, is responsible for some of these programs, particularly the packing credit program. One of the most prominent trade issues between the United States and Thailand has been the extent of Thailand’s protection for U.S. copyright, patent and trademark holders. The Kingdom of Thailand respects all international laws regarding copyrights and trademarks. Thailand passed a new copyright law in December 1994 that strengthened legal copyright protection and increased the penalties for copyright infringement Amendments to the trademark law in 1992 provide higher penalties for infringement and extend protection to services, certification, and collective marks. Under current Thai regulation, only persons of Thai nationality may be licensed in many professional services, including accounting, architecture, engineering, construction management, brokerage services and legal services. However, there is planning to revise these regulations. The announcement of National Executive Council No. 281, commonly known as the Alien Business Law, limits foreign equity in many Thai firms to less than fifty percent. The Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations between Thailand and the United States provides for 100 percent U.S. ownership of companies in most industries. Businesses in the fields of communications, transport, fiduciary functions, natural resources, or trade in agricultural products are excluded from treaty coverage. The Communications Authority of Thailand imposes stringent equity and revenue sharing requirements on International Value Added Network Service (IVANs) providers. In conclusion, The World Bank predicts that Thailand will be the world’s eighth largest economy within 20 years by the year 2020. Thailand will have a larger economy than Brazil, Britain, France, Italy and Taiwan. Thailand’s own National Economic and social Development Board has seen a doubling of the economy in the year 2000 and the Kingdom ranking first in Southeast Asia, among the seven ASEAN states. I feel that this is the perfect timing to invest and I am confident that my business will prosper. 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Migration of Business to Cloud Computing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Migration of Business to Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction In this new world of technology, Cloud computing has been offering solution for the problems those have been taxed IT departments for years and plagued the organizations. Managing and Maintaining IT in-house has been resulting in heavy burden for the organizations that have been implementing IT infrastructure for the smaller and big organizations. This has been also resulting in beneficial manner for the SMEs (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises) in both managing and securing those data properly and in efficient budget. Cloud computing is availing the consumers with data access at anywhere via connecting to the internet and managing them to keep safe while transferring to its stakeholders for operational activities. One side this is providing facilities and security at low budget but also raising creation security issues that might affect the organization. Cloud computing performs on basically three platforms that are: IaaS (Information-as-a-service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-service), SaaS (Sofytware-as-a-Service) that are enhancing the performance of the Cloud computing services. These are being delivered through deployment of following models: Community Cloud, Public Cloud and private cloud. Australian finance industry is in its very early stage of Cloud adoption as many of the financial industries are using a limited range of Cloud based services. The approach of using Cloud based services has not been strategically placed and for some of the cases the consumers would not be aware of the services that could be provided by the Cloud computing. Based on the survey made by (Chang, Walters Wills, 2014) almost 88% of the financial industries are using cloud-based services and implementation of Cloud computing is rapid manner and among them 81% of the industries were aware with the services offered by Cloud computing. The survey resulted that about 50% of the Australian Finance industries are using hybrid of Private Cloud and Public Cloud as this is a common approach for financial industries. Other than this 42% of the industries are practicing in-house IT and moving non-critical services like collaboration, content management tools, and email management to the Cloud based services (Schulte et al., 2015). Some of the financial industries are using Cloud services as a testing environment in manner to plead the development of use cases that could be better option for assessing the hybrid of Public Cloud and on premises, in-house hosting of the Cloud services. It is also being used by the financial industries as test beds for new and innovative applications and among all the industries only 8% of the industries are using strict Private Cloud only policy. Main objectives are compliance and privacy concerns including the confidence that the Private Cloud can satisfy the business requirements of the org anization (Gai, 2014). The strength that are using Cloud based services among them 92% of the industries have an already developed strategy that is based on hybrid of Private and Public Cloud hosted both in-house and externally IT services. Based on this it can be stated that the confidence among the financial industries have been increasing towards adopting Cloud Computing services within the system of the organization. On the other hand it can be noted a certain level of prudency on the context of migration towards Cloud computing. Some of the consumers are avoiding migration of data to the Cloud and instead of that they are choosing it to use for the digital transformation of the business. Cloud adoption Example (Finance Industries) NASDAQ OMX Data on-demand: It is a Software-as-a-service (SaaS) Cloud service that provides flexible and easy access to the massive amounts of historical dataand is produced in the market with the support of Xignite. It can be accessed through API (Application programming interface) and is a web application that can be helpful in managing users to purchase data online. It can also be used as plain texts (Mahmood et al., 2014). CME Clearport OTC Data on-demand: It is an on-demand Software-as-a-services (SaaS) web service that has the same Xignite platform and can be helpful in offering accesses to end-of- day OTC volume, open interest, and settlement data in manner to provide support to the markets that are available through CME Clearport (Pattnaik, Prusty Dash, 2016). Australian Banks using Cloud for risk analysis and non-core processes: There has been use of IBM iDataPlex servers in various banks of Australia as a part of an Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) strategy in manner to evaluate and build programs related to risk analysis. More than one separate computer can be turned into a pool of shared resource that can be referred as cloud.PaaS Cloud vendor Force.com has been being used by Morgan Stanley for its recruiting applications that is providing many benefits in extensive Cloud penetration in strategy and analytics (Asatiani et al., 2014). Gridglo real-time energy apps: The startup, Gridglo, is developing SaaS services for their startup in manner to sell information to utilities in Australia. It can be described as a mining energy consumption data from smart meters and thereafter the combination of these data with data from other sources like data related to demographic and weather, real estate, energy credit scoring and demand response analytics in manner to categorize different types of consumers for providing tools that can be helpful in energy forecasting, including an energy tool for financial risk (McConky et al., 2015). Microsoft Azure DataMarket for the Energy Industry: Cloud services offered by Microsoft DataMarket SaaS can be a helpful in enabling the exploration, discovery and consumption of data from the commercial data sources and trusted public domains for example, health, demographics, weather, real estates, navigation, transportation, and location- based services, and many more. Analytics for enabling insight from that data and visualization is also included in it (Coleman et al., 2016). A common API can also be used for incorporating these data into software applications for any of the devices. Many of the energy industries have been using these platforms in manner to create analytic applications and energy forecasting. There are certain challenges in implementation of Cloud computing which can be listed as: data security, data privacy, vendor lock-in (Absence of standards), availability, and compliance into the existing system of the financial industries (Sanei et al., 2014). Following are the ways in which these challenges may impact the Australian finance industries: Financial organizations are apprehensive about the data might get compromised on a public Cloud or monetization of the data related to the customers may happen by Cloud vendors. An example can be a better explainer such as traders in a firm might be worrying about migrating their proprietary strategies related to trading in a Cloud because there are chances that the competitor might be using the same Cloud and get access to the saved data (Moreno-Vozmediano, Monentro Liorente, 2013). This implies that risk analyst and portfolio managers are much apprehensive about the location for the assets as it may lead to barrage of lawsuits or have reputational implication on the firms. Vendor lock-in is another concern in the implementation of Cloud computing as most of the service providers access to their resources through APIs to their resources. Shifting from one vendor to another might cost a lot for the organization which will neglect the first priority of using Cloud hosted application which was low cost (Avram, 2014). Compliance risks which includes providing enough evidence for care taking of the data and proving risk management processes are the another challenges in the clod hosting application adoption for finance industries. Loss of governance and Isolation Failures are the challenges that could put the challenge to control sufficiently resources in the Cloud affecting the security and an unauthorized Cloud computer has the capability to influence the systems on which the Cloud application has been adopting (Tossi, Colheiros Buyya, 2014). Security Issues Isolation Failure: Shared resources and multi-tenancy have been defining the Cloud computing which put this in the category of risk covering the failure of mechanism related to the memory, storage, and reputation between different tenants and routing among them such as guest-hopping attacks (Hashizume et al., 2013). Attacks on resource isolation mechanism can be considered very less numerous and much difficult for an intruder to gain access to it than on traditional operating systems. Management Interface compromise: Public Cloud service provider provides customer management interfaces that can be accessible through the mediate access and internet to the large resources this implies in possessing higher rate of risk, mainly in the circumstances when it is being accessed remotely and web browser vulnerabilities (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). Data breaches: One of most concerning and debating topic for any technology that is being used in this century for all the technologies that are connected to the internet or using internet as a medium. Data that are being saved in the Cloud or being transferred using internet are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. If proper security is not provided to the network an unauthorized user can get access to the data that is being saved in the Cloud and could cause severe damage to the organization in all the way. Modi et al. (2013) stated recent example can be the JP Morgan Chase m Co data breach in which millions of people were affected and this causes damage to the reputation of JP Morgan Corporation and also its share markets were down for some time. Incomplete or insecure data deletion: Request made to the Cloud vendors for the deletion of data could result in incompletely wiping those data. Timely or adequate data deletion might be not possible or may be not desired by the customers at all and this happens because of the unavailability of the extra copies of data or other case may be that the disk that is about to destroyed might stores the data from other clients (Ahmed Hossain, 2014). This mainly happens in the case of multi-tenancy services and reusing the hardware resources which could raises higher risk than the customer who is using the same dedicated hardware resource. Expectation of the customers security: The customers perception on the data security might be different from the data security being provided by the Cloud Providers and the availability of the data security that is being offered by them. In real the actual temptation for the Cloud service provider is to reduce costs without concerning the data security of the individuals (Stojmenovic Wen, 2014). Malicious insider: This is an unusual risk but probably happen to the organization in which the damage might be caused by the individual who have credentials and access to the network of the firm and had been retired or been a formal employee of the organization. He or she might get access to the network and harm the organizational data and information for personal benefits through selling it to the organization or expose those data to an unwilling individual for personal revenge. These are the extremely high risk for the firm and might cause severe damage to the proper functioning of the organization. Availability chain: There could be the creation of single point of failures in many cases because of the reliance on internet connectivity at the end of the customer. Loss Governance: Using Cloud services or Cloud hosted application for managing the data and in formation of the customer, there is the possibility that the client necessarily cedes control to the CP (cloud provider) on various issues as stated above that could be the reason of security issues to those data. At the same moment the Service Legal Agreements (SLAs) might be insufficient to provide any of such promise to provide these services from the side of the Cloud service provider, which creates a gap between the security defenses of the services that are being offered by them. Loss of governance includes compliance issues as the investment made in achieving the agreement or certification might put the process of migration to the Cloud at risk for example regulatory requirements or the industry standards that can be stated as: firstly, The Cloud Service provider does not allows the permission to audit by the Cloud Customers and secondly, there are the chances that Cloud Provider wou ld not be able to provide the evidence of their proposed compliance with the relevant requirements of the Cloud customers (Khetri, 2013). There are many such cases in which the implementation of Cloud computing results specific kind of compliance cannot be achieved for example PCI DSS etc. Lock-in: The guarantees assured by the Cloud service provider towards application, data and service portability is not yet completely achieved as there is still not much flexibility in the tools, standard data formats or procedures that are being offered (Hashem et al., 2015). This could create problem and raise various types of risks (sometimes even impossible) in migrating the data and information related to the customer to another Cloud service provider and back to an in-house infrastructure. This results in complete dependency on the Cloud service providers for the Cloud customers especially for data portability, service provision because most of the fundamentals aspects have not been enabled yet (Ryan, 2013). Threats, Assets, Vulnerabilities, and Risks Risk can be defined as the combination of vulnerabilities and risks those have the capability to affect the assets. For the risk assessment following are the list of risk and vulnerabilities including their impact probability and risk rates with a risk priority matrix have been plotted. VL- Very Low, L-Low, M- medium, H-High, VH-Very high Sl. No. Risk/Vulnerabilities Description Likelihood Impact Priority R1. Lock-in Depending strongly on single service provider for their services could lead to several difficulties in moving to different service provider and may cause serious issues. This could even lead to an impossible attempt to move to another Cloud service provider (Chou, 2015). H M H R2. Loss of Governance Availing Cloud services need a must factor that is a third party involvement that results in Cloud customers necessarily cedes control to the Cloud provider on various issues that will probably affect the security of the system and the data that is being migrated to the cloud. VH VH VH R3. Supply Chain Failure The Cloud Providers might outsourced a part of their production chain to third parties too and could even use another Cloud service providers as a part of their services that might results in the possibilities of cascade failures. L M M R4. Conflicts between the Cloud environment and customer hardening procedures The Cloud Service providers might not be able to provide compliance according to the need of the Cloud customers security measures those results in making their implementation impossible (Pearson, 2013). M M M R5. Social Engineering Attacks (Phishing) It can be refereed as the technique of manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions. It can be categorized as the simple fraud or confidence trick and can also be referred as the trickery of the information for the purpose of fraud, information gathering, or access to the systems sensitive information. Most of the case the attackers does not come face-to-face of the victims. M H M R6. Technical risks Cloud services are on-demand service (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) there are the possibilities that Cloud providers will not be able to maintain the service level that has been promised and he might also not be able to meet the demands that is being increased in a certain shared resources (Drissio, Houmani Medromi, 2013). M Ms M Failing in maintaining the services level L H M Failing in meeting increased demand R7. Isolation Failure In the environment like this where data R8. Malicious Insider (Cloud Provider) The damage to the data information related to the operational activities of the organization of the Cloud Customers assets because of the malicious insider at the Cloud service provider M VH H R9. Interface compromises (availability of infrastructure, manipulation) When combined with web browser vulnerabilities and remote access there are chances of risk to the data security. This is because the customer management interfaces of the public Cloud service providers are mediate access and accessible to the internet to the applications that have been hosting traditionally by the service providers. M VH H R10. Intercepting data in transit During the transfers of the data between the different clouds or the computers using a network, there is the probability that there transfer gets blocked or intercepted by an unwanted or unauthorized user. This generally happens during the transfer of data between the service provider and the customers (Theoharidou, Tsalis Gritzalis, 2013). M H M R11. Ineffective deletion of data or Insecure Deletion of data from the Cloud on the call of the customers does not in real deletes all the data from the Cloud rather than that data are being transferred to the eventual backup media or removed from the storage. During this if the storage had been not encrypted properly, this data could be accessed by other users that might harm the data and misuse it for their personal benefits. M VH H R12. DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) The particular aim of such attacks is to overload a resource, service interface, or network by flooding the network with continuous request from more than one source that are being distributed across a wide topological or geographical area. This implies that the legitimate users will not be able to use the resources as intended (Juliadotter Choo, 2015). M H M R13. EDOS (Economic Denial of Service) Attacks may result in the poor-configuration or budget planning might be altered that will result in the increase of the cost for this implementation into the system and thus it might becomes unaffordable for the consumers willing to take the services. L H M R14. Service Engine Compromised It is one of the most important fundamental part f a Cloud service and compromising this could let an unauthorized user or intruder to access al the related to the customer that has been saved into the cloud (Albakri et al., 2014). L VH H R15. Loss of Cryptographic keys Compromising or losing cryptographic keys that have been used for the digital scanners, authentication, or encryption could affect the data by compromising with an unauthorized users and it could lead to financial damages, denial of services, an loss of data (Furuncu Sogukpinar, 2015). L H M R16. Cloud-specific network related technical attacks or failures Such type of attacks and failures could affect the Cloud services that might also occurred in the classic IT settings. This could cause loss of the internet connectivity because of the failures or attacks on the site of the customers. Or the internet service provider of the customer because of the temporarily reduced in the network bandwidth on the bath that connects the service provider and the customers. Another cause is the global internet conjunction, and the failures in the connectivity path between the service provider and the consumer. M M M R17. Loss of Backups There is the probability that the backup of the data kept by the service provider about the costumers data could get lost or might get damaged or ob the physical medium there has been data saved. L H M R18. Natural Disasters Calamities like earthquakes, flooding, tsunamis and many others could affect the infrastructure of the service provider and will alternatively affect the Customers as most of the service providers have different and far locations (Latif et al., 2014). VL H M R19. Legal Risks Australian Government authorities might ask the operators that are providing services to provide information for any criminal case or legal lawsuits and could access the storage media and the hardware storage devices. H M H R20. Risks from changing jurisdictions When the physical location of the service provider is situated in the country other than the customers change in jurisdiction will affect the security of the information. For example: data may be seized in the name of country security, data may even get seized because that does not belong to the same country. H H H R21. Data protection services Legislations and policies of the different country could lead to the issues related with the security of the data and the information that is being saved on the Cloud in different country. Another issue related with it is the data protection authority from different government cannot be accessed. H H H R22. Licensing Issues Violating licensing agreements of the software supplier could result in financial penalties and several others like disruption of services and many more. M M M R23. Intellectual property issues For both the cases storing data in the Cloud or using any Cloud hosted application could let to the security issues related to the information that is being saved and being executed during the application of software. L M M Risk Assessment Matrix Probability Very High R.2 High R.19 R.1 R.7 R.20 R.21 R.8 R.9 Medium R.6 R.16 R.22 R.10 R.6 R.5 R.4 R.12 R.11 Low R.3 R.23 R.13 R.15 R.10 R.14 Very Low R.18 Very Low Low Medium High Very High Impact Measures to Mitigate Security Issues Following are the measures that could be helpful in enhancing the security of the information and data that are being uploaded on the Cloud and could help in mitigating the issues that may rise due to this implementation into the system. Two-factor authentication technology can be preferable situation for securing the information and data including critical protection or even declining to share the credentials to individual other than companys head can also be a better option (Smith et al., 2013). Making thorough research on the service provider and comparing whether the agreement is matching with the compliance and SLAs or not with the policies of the organization. The research should be accurate and exact. Single Sign-on (SSO) utilization in the organization can also help in boosting the security of the organization. Financial industries use a number of loud applications and services and the individuals might have different credentials to access those services and the applications (Pearce, Zeadally Hunt, 2013). For example OneLogIn provides this facility that could be used for one login password. Another option related to the password can be the use of automatically generated password. End-to-end encryption could also be helpful in ensuring the security of the data and information that is being saved in the cloud. It should be ensured by the customer that the service provider is putting encryption on the files or not, it could also help in protecting files in the hand of hackers. In manner to minimize the risk to the extent level there should be proper encryption over the files before uploading it to the Cloud and should be encrypted by a single decryption code (Fernandis et al., 2014). Secured communication protocol like SSL/TLS could be helpful in protecting the data and information that is travelling in the network. The hardware and software that are being used to operate these systems and services should be up-to-date with the new and latest versions that will also help in minimizing the threats and issues related to the security (Barlow et al., 2013). Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that both the firm and vendors needs to make their contribution in manner to fight back the issues and threats that arises due to the implementation of cloud computing within the organization. The NYSE Euronext community Cloud could be helpful in paving the path for such collaborative contribution that will let multiple firms motivate to have a proportionate stake. Cloud Computing is the most advanced, innovative, and efficient computing utilities that can be implemented within the existing system as services. Recommendation can be made for the finance industries for implementing hybrid cloud system with appropriate differentiating the types of data and information that is about to be uploaded in the cloud. Cloud computing is playing a vital role in changing the face of the computing operations in the finance industries and providing facility to exchange data and access at anywhere. Cloud computing is being contributing in the changes to the provisioning and licensing and of methodologies and infrastructure for application deployment, delivery, and development. References: Ahmed, M., Hossain, M. A. (2014). Cloud computing and security issues in the cloud.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(1), 25. Albakri, S. H., Shanmugam, B., Samy, G. N., Idris, N. B., Ahmed, A. (2014). Security risk assessment framework for cloud computing environments.Security and Communication Networks,7(11), 2114-2124. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Asatiani, A., Apte, U., Penttinen, E., Ro?nkko?, M., Saarinen, T. (2014, January). Outsourcing of disaggregated services in cloud-based enterprise information systems. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 1268-1277). IEEE. Avram, M. G. (2014). Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia Technology,12, 529-534. Barlow, J. B., Warkentin, M., Ormond, D., Dennis, A. R. (2013). Don't make excuses! Discouraging neutralization to reduce IT policy violation.Computers security,39, 145-159. Chang, V., Walters, R. J., Wills, G. (2014). Review of Cloud Computing and existing Frameworks for Cloud adoption. Chou, D. C. (2015). Cloud computing: A value creation model.Computer Standards Coleman, S., Gb, R., Manco, G., Pievatolo, A., Tort?Martorell, X., Reis, M. S. (2016). How can SMEs benefit from big data? Challenges and a path forward.Quality and Reliability Engineering International,32(6), 2151-2164. Drissi, S., Houmani, H., Medromi, H. (2013). Survey: Risk assessment for cloud computing.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,4(12), 2013. Fernandes, D. A., Soares, L. F., Gomes, J. V., Freire, M. M., Incio, P. R. (2014). Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), 113-170. Furuncu, E., Sogukpinar, I. (2015). Scalable risk assessment method for cloud computing using game theory (CCRAM).Computer Standards Interfaces,38, 44-50. Gai, K. (2014). A review of leveraging private cloud computing in financial service institutions: Value propositions and current performances.International Journal of Computer Applications,95(3). Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D. G., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. B. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), 5. Juliadotter, N. V., Choo, K. K. R. (2015). Cloud attack and risk assessment taxonomy.IEEE Cloud Computing,2(1), 14-20. Kshetri, N. (2013). Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution.Telecommunications Policy,37(4), 372-386. Latif, R., Abbas, H., Assar, S., Ali, Q. (2014). Cloud computing risk assessment: a systematic literature review. InFuture Information Technology(pp. 285-295). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Mahmood, M. A., Arslan, F., Dandu, J., Udo, G. (2014). Impact of Cloud Computing Adoption on Firm Stock PriceAn Empirical Research. McConky, K., Viens, R., Stotz, A., Galoppo, T., Fusillo, T. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,098,553. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Modi, C., Patel, D., Borisaniya, B., Patel, A., Rajarajan, M. (2013). A survey on security issues and solutions at different layers of Cloud computing.The Journal of Supercomputing,63(2), 561-592. Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R. S., Llorente, I. M. (2013). Key challenges in cloud computing: Enabling the future internet of services.IEEE Internet Computing,17(4), 18-25. Pattnaik, M. S., Prusty, M. R., Dash, M. (2016). Cloud in financial services: Building value across enterprise.International Journal of Research in IT and Management,6(6), 25-32. Pearce, M., Zeadally, S., Hunt, R. (2013). Virtualization: Issues, security threats, and solutions.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),45(2), 17. Pearson, S. (2013). Privacy, security and trust in cloud computing. InPrivacy and Security for Cloud Computing(pp. 3-42). Springer London. Ryan, M. D. (2013). Cloud computing security: The scientific challenge, and a survey of solutions.Journal of Systems and Software,86(9), 2263-2268. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 369-392. Schulte, S., Janiesch, C., Venugopal, S., Weber, I., Hoenisch, P. (2015). Elastic Business Process Management: State of the art and open challenges for BPM in the cloud.Future Generation Computer Systems,46, 36-50. Smith, P., Haberl, H., Popp, A., Erb, K. H., Lauk, C., Harper, R., ... Masera, O. (2013). How much land?based greenhouse gas mitigation can be achieved without compromising food security and environmental goals?.Global Change Biology,19(8), 2285-2302. Stojmenovic, I., Wen, S. (2014, September). The fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues. InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Theoharidou, M., Tsalis, N., Gritzalis, D. (2013, June). In cloud we trust: Risk-Assessment-as-a-Service. InIFIP International Conference on Trust Management(pp. 100-110). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Toosi, A. N., Calheiros, R. N., Buyya, R. (2014). Interconnected cloud computing environments: Challenges, taxonomy, and survey.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),47(1), 7.

Chromosome Probes At The University Of Toronto -----------------------

Chromosome Probes at the University of Toronto ------------------------------------------------------- Uploaded: November 29, 1986. Sensitive chromosome probes recently discovered by a University of Toronto geneticist will make it easier to detect certain types of genetic and prenatal diseases, as well as being used to determine paternity and provide forensic evidence in criminal cases. Probes are short pieces of DNA which bind to, and actually pinpoint, particular sites on a chromosome. Because these new probes are actually repeated hundreds or thousands of time at a particular site, they are much more sensitive than previously available ones. ==[1/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, Dr. F.H. Willard has discovered repeated probes or markers for six plus the gender determining X and Y chromosomes. "What we're trying to decide now is whether to isolate probes for the other chromosomes, or whether we should utilize the eight we have," he says. Dr. Willard is currently negotiating with an American company to develop prenatal diagnostic tests, which, because the current tests are time consuming and technically difficult to do, are restricted to women over 35 and those who have a family history of chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal tests using Willard's probes would be much simpler and faster to perform and could be available to all pregnant women who wish to take advantage of the technology. ==[2/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Current prenatal testing involves growing fetal cells in vitro and examining them, over one or two months, to see if there are two copies of a particular chromosome, which is normal, or one or three, which is abnormal. A test using Willard's probes would require only a few cells and a few days to detect abnormalities. "I don't think it's beyond the realm of possibility that these kinds of tests could eventually be done by an obstetrician in the office during the early stages of pregnancy," he adds. The determination of gender is another possible use for the probes. Many diseases, such as Duschene's muscular dystrophy, show up on the X chromosome, manifesting only in boys. Willard thinks it is possible to develop a test which would quickly indicate the fetus' sex. This would benefit parents whose only option is to have no children or to have only girls. ==[3/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= Confirming gender in children with ambiguous genitalia is another medical reason for using the test. A quick examination of the X and Y chromosomes of the child would indicate whether genetically the child is male or female. As yet, Willard has been unable to develop a probe for chromoso me 21. Down's Syndrome results from three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). "I think we'll know within a year whether a test to detect trisomy 21 is feasible, " he says hopefully. The other six chromosome probes which Willard has developed do not immediately lend themselves to diagnostic tests, except for certain cancers, he says. "We have a probe for chromosome 7 and we know that trisomy 7 is a signal for certain types of cancer. Chromosome abnormalities of all kinds are a signpost of tumors." Theoretically, an oncologist could use a ==[4/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= chromosome probe test to examine tissue and obtain a reading for a specific cancer. " It wouldn't suggest a mode of therapy," he points out, "but would be a speedy test and would have prognostic implications for the kind of tumor discovered." As a basic research tool, Willard's probes could be used to develop a genetic linkage map for human chromosomes. "It's important to know the location of genes in the human genome, particularly disease genes. The leading approach to try to sort out disease genes is to use genetic linkage. Because our sequences are at the centromere it would allow us to develop a map." The third application for the probes is in forensic biology. Willard believes his markers are as unique to each each individual as are fingerprints. According to the geneticist, it will be possible to make a DNA ==[5/6]================================================ Press any key to continue... ======================================================= 'fingerprint' from blood or sperm, which could be used as evidence in rape or murder cases. "We

A Representative Congress in A essays

A Representative Congress in A essays The question of whether the Congress is representative towards the American public has been a longstanding question that has become the spotlight of numerous political debates. Many people believe that with a membership of nearly all-white males from a higher social status in society, it is nearly impossible for a true representation to occur. This is a mistake. The Congress is a fair representation of the American public. With the use of a bicameral legislature that serves both public sentiment and national interests, congressional voting that is representative of its constituents, and the power to vote, congressional representation is indeed met. One of the most controversial issues regarding the representation of the Congress is how the lack of minorities and women in membership affect a true representation of the American public. For much of the life of Congress, the membership has been comprised completely of white males. However, with the surface of the civil rights movement and a growing awareness of a diverse America, membership in the Congress has begun to change. There are now African Americans, women, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians that are all members of Congress. Many women used to gain membership into Congress by becoming widows, however, today almost all are elected officials and this trend is on the rise. Nevertheless, white males continue to dominate the majority. Does this mean that representation is still unequal? The answer is no. Regardless of race, culture, and gender differences, members typically make their choices in accordance with their constituents. For example, although most of the African American members vote liberal, this does not necessarily mean that African Americans are all liberal. Rather, these members represent districts that are liberal. This means that voting tendencies dont rely on race; rather they rely on the views of their districts. If a d...

Business law questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business law questions - Assignment Example he employee would still be ultimately responsible for the theft that they committed regardless of the extenuating circumstances of the case and the fact that they paid back the amount at a later time. In short, the defendants were ultimately protected by the release that they had been able to obtain due to the fact that the employee had willingly accepted it at the time it was offered; in full knowledge of whatever economic distress may or may not have existed at that time. Furthermore, the only way in which the plaintiff could have a legitimate case is if they were able to prove that they had been forced to sign the agreement under another type of distress or duress. Ultimately, due to the fact that the employee signed the agreement with a sound mind and under the understanding that they would be experiencing monetary benefit from the arrangement and would hold harmless the defendant for any further threat of legal action against them with regards to this incident. This particular situation has a level of tie in with regards to the way in which many agreements are completed. Whether or not duress is implied within a given situation, consent to abide by the terms of a legally bin ding contract necessarily precludes almost any further actions that can be made by such an individual with regards to such a situation. Although this is not necessarily ethical or fair, it does help to underscore the importance of reading and understanding the ramifications of what paperwork is signed and/or agreed to in any given situation. With regards to the binding nature of Corning Glass Works to Hanan Consultants, the oral contract is of course non-binding. However, it should be noted that it is highly unethical to make an oral contract with a vendor and then fail to uphold it based upon the fact that it is no longer convenient for either party involved. Such actions have made it necessary for participants in any contract to obtain written and legal promissory notes to ensure

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline Essay

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example With a higher value, consumers will most likely be ready to pay an extra price, giving the firm a competitive advantage over other firms. Porter also identified the focus strategy whereby a firm concentrates on a particular segment in the market whereby it may have an advantage in regard to the cost or differentiation of products (Porter, 1998). This paper presents the application of Porter’s generic strategies in GlaxoSmithKline, which is a pharmaceutical company offering a variety of products for treatment of various diseases. Differentiation strategy is highlighted as the mostly commonly used strategy, although the organization uses the cost leadership strategy. The differentiation and cost leadership strategies are applied by the organization to maintain its competitiveness. The organization is usually involved in market research to ensure that it satisfies a wide range of consumers with various illnesses such as; asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart problems among many other pharmaceutical products that are essential for severe ailments. The firm also produces vaccines that are essential for protecting healthy people from severe diseases such as hepatitis and tetanus among others. Consumers are also provided with healthcare products that they can readily access from the shops for their day to day uses. These include painkillers such as panadol and hygienic products such as aquafresh tooth paste. Lucozade is also an energy drink that is used globally (Chandon, 2004). The differentiation strategy of GlaxoSmithKline significantly helps in maintaining profitability in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry. The firm’s products are of unique quality and consumers attach a high value to them. This is mainly as a result of the perception that the firm possesses the capacity of offering most of the highly needed pharmaceutical products. The highly

Critically discuss how youth work practice contributes to young Essay

Critically discuss how youth work practice contributes to young peoples transition from dependence to interdependence - Essay Example The young person starts to look for groups that share similar thoughts and attitudes in the search for consistency within the self that would enable the creation of identity. There may be a variety of factors acting on an individual at this stage: parental demand for conformity to social norms, peer pressure for conforming to norms of the group and individual’s conflict of conformity versus striking out to find a path or acceptance with a peer group. In cases where the family situation is rife with conflict due to parental temperament, financial pressures, surrounding social situations, the conflict within the young adult leads to undesirable behavioral outcomes. The growing individual leaves behind the state of sensory exploration and becomes more conscious of the self as a part of the world. Coleman and Hendry explain the connection between the onset of puberty and the development of self identity. At this stage, the individual develops a sense of being a person distinct from others and is conscious of the image being presented to the world. At this stage, physical appearance takes precedence and the varying stages of bodily development can be a source of continuing dissatisfaction. Steinberg’s research suggests that the emotional dependence of the young individuals on the parents reduces with the onset of puberty and the increased search for identity. Kroger attempts to explain the stage of identity formation as a natural sequence that a child goes through after initially mapping a significant elder’s identity. The individual seeks to understand the self at a psychic level and arrive at a personal conclusion of ways to live by. The early stages of adolescence find children in different stages of physical maturity. The acceptance of the changing physicality at the peer, family and social level impacts the individual’s views of the changes. As the body develops, young

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks 2. Literature Review: This chapter will provide an overview of; the scientific basis behind why adding nitrogen will cause an increase in carbon stocks, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on tree carbon stocks documented in the current literature, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon stocks documented in the current literature and information more specifically targeted at the UK and the South Downs. 2.1. The global nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is strongly coupled with the carbon cycle, this dependence on one another and key feedbacks is illustrated in figure 2. 1. If the availability of one of these elements changes it will affect the biochemical cycle of the other element and eventually the functioning of the entire ecosystem (Gruber Galloway, 2008). Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is a requirement for the growth of plants and soil microorganisms, the processes of both play key roles in the global carbon cycle. The rise in anthropogenic CO2 has been observed to increase plant photosynthesis and therefore plant growth and carbon storage (Oren et al., 2001). This growth however can be limited by the levels of Nr available in soils (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), hence in Nr poor ecosystems the potential carbon sink could be limited. In some regions it is conceivable that anthropogenic production of Nr could provide the nutrients necessary to reduce limitations on plant growth (Ciais et al., 1995). Prior to the industrial revolution reactive nitrogen, any form of nitrogen species other than N2, was only made available to the terrestrial ecosystem by natural processes, such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and lightening, since industrialisation a number of sources of Nr have become much more significant (Figure 2.2). BNF allows the terrestrial ecosystem to acquire essential nitrogen compounds a through a series of reactions that convert N2 into ammonia (Ciais et al., 2013). Initially there was an equilibrium between the input of Nr to the ecosystem and its loss through the process of denitrification, however since industrialisation this equilibrium no longer exists. Humans produce a quantity of Nr that is much greater than that produced naturally in ecosystems. This Nr is produced by humans in a number of wa ys: 1) it is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, producing NH3 as a fertiliser for crops, this nitrogen is then spread through run off and emission into the atmosphere; 2) the growth of crops such as legumes that are associated with mycorrhizal fungi and higher levels of BNF (Hayman, 1986); and 3) the combustion of fossil fuels which converts N2 and fossil fuel nitrogen into nitrous oxides (NOx) which are emitted into the atmosphere and then deposited on terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean (Ciais et al., 2013). This undeniable evidence of the anthropogenic perturbation of the nitrogen cycle and the close relationship between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle highlights the need to understand how additions of nitrogen will interact with the carbon cycle, and in what way this will impact carbon sinks and therefore feedback to the climate. The increased supply of Nr can be expected to increase terrestrial CO2 uptake by increasing NPP (net primary productivity) (chapter 2.2.1) or reducing the rate of organic matter breakdown (chapter 2.2.2). It must be noted however that additions of Nr will not exclusively increase CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere: negative direction (in situations where it accelerates organic matter breakdown)-> ) O3 formed in the troposphere as a result of NOx and volatile organic compound emissions reduces plant productivity, and therefore reduces CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. On the global scale the net influence of the direct and indirect contributions of Nr on the radiative balance was estimated to be –0.24 W m–2 (with an uncertainty range of +0.2 to –0.5 W m–2)(Erisman et al., 2011). The balance between the directions will determine the potential. 2.2.1 Forest Carbon Uptake- Trees Various studies have assessed the possible impact of increased nitrogen on tree carbon stock and a variety of methods have been employed. One approach involves assessing the relationship between the spatial trends of carbon uptake, found by study of forest growth or net ecosystem production (NEP), and nitrogen deposition. In their 2007 study Magnani et al. employed a variation of this technique. Carbon stocks and their fluxes were measured in 5 representative chronosequences in Europe. In addition data from the literature, from a further 13 chronosequences and two uneven aged stands were used. Estimates of wet deposition of nitrogen were calculated from various data sets. The relationship between wet nitrogen deposition and NEP was then analysed graphically and statistically. Studies of the influence of nitrogen deposition at stand level have also been carried out, one example of this is a study by Solberg et al. (2009). The impact of nitrogen deposition was evaluated by using deposi tion values from the growth period (1993-2000). These values were then correlated with the values for relative volume which was calculated as actual increment in % of expected increment. In their study Magnani et al. (2007) found a strong relationship between C sequestration and wet N-deposition (Figure 2.3d) with an R2 value of 0.97. Though they found this relationship was largely obscured by age effects when individual stands were considered. Solberg et at. (2009) found that nitrogen deposition had a fertilising effect of slightly higher than 1% increase in volume increment per kg N ha-1 yr-1. The results of these papers can be converted into nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) in order to make them comparable, where NUE is the response of carbon sequestration to nitrogen deposition in kg C/kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Thus it was calculated that Magnani et al. (2007) found an NUEeco value of approximately 475 kg C/ kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Sutton et al. (2008) found this value to be unlikely and tested the data against more appropriate N-depostion values for the period suggested and produced results calculated by de Vries et al. (2009) to be between 91 and 177 kg/C/N. The NUE value for trees in the study by Solberg et al. (2009) were calculated to be equivalent to 19-38 kg C/ kg N. Another important area of research in this field is the evaluation of C-N stoichiometry of ecosystem compartments because it strongly influences the potential for carbon fixation to respond to nitrogen deposition (de Vries et al., 2009). Nitrogen entering the ecosystem can be traced by applying isotopically labelled nitrogen (15N) to the forest floor and tracking its movement. Melin et al. (1983) applied this techniques in nitrogen-limited Scots pine stand in Sweden, to study the distribution and recovery of the labelled fertiliser. The application rate was 100kg of ammonium nitrate-N/ha. Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) carried out similar 15N tracer experiments in nine temperate forests for three years. Further to this de Vries et al. (2006) used the same methodology as Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) at over 6000 level I plots (From a large-scale forest condition monitoring scheme based on a 16 x 16 km gridnet across Europe). Site specific soil C/N ratios were utilised and the assumption of an increase of upto 0.1 of N retention fractions in stem wood that are influenced by N deposition. Melin et al. (1983) reported a value of between 12 and 28% of nitrogen applied recovered in trees. De Vries et al. (2009) used the C/N ratio of 500 for stem wood estimated by Nadelhoffer et al.(1999) to calculate a NUEtree of 30-70 kg C/kg N. A NUEtree of 25 kg C/kg N was calculated in the same way for the results presented by Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) which showed 5% of nitrogen applied to be recovered in woody biomass. The results of direct fertilisation experiment methodologies are important to consider for this research paper, low doses of N fertiliser are applied to selected sites for a long-term (8-30 years) study. Hyvonen et al. (2008) ran experiments in Sweden and Finland in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands. 15 sites were selected for long-term experimentation that ranged from 14 to 30 years. Low (30-50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or high (50-200 kg N ha-1) doses of N-fertiliser either alone or in combination with other nutrients were applied to plots no smaller than 30 x 30 m. Diameter at breast height (DBH), number of trees ha-1 and tree height (when available) at each plot on each occasion of measurement were utilised to calculate biomass. The amount of carbon at each site was estimated to be 0.5 of the biomass. Changes in the C-pool was calculated for each site and the effect of N-fertilisation was calculated as the difference between the fertilised plots and the control plots. Pregitzer et al . (2007) applied 30 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from 1994 to 2004 to four different hardwood forests in Michigan. Tree growth was measured yearly and compared with control sites. Hogberg et al. (2006) ran a 30 year experiment in unpolluted boreal forest. N fertiliser (ammonium nitrate) was applied to replicated (N=3) 0.09 ha plots. 3 doses were prescribed, 34, 68 and 108 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The highest level of application was cancelled after 20 years to allow recovery to be assessed in the subsequent decade. Hyvonen et al. (2008) presented their results as kg C/kg N and so no further calculations were necessary. They found that for the low dose application of N NUEtree was 25 kg C/kg N whereas for high dose it was 11 kg C/kg N. NPK addition produced values of 38 and 11 kg C/kg N for low and high doses respectively. Pregitzer at al. (2007) found an increase of 5000 kg C ha-1 in woody biomass, with a total application of N of 300 kg N ha-1 for the whole study period this equates to 17 kg C/kg N (de Vries et al, 2009). Hogberg et al. (2006) found an initial increase in tree growth at all doses of nitrogen treatment. However in the long-term the impact of fertilisation was found to be highly rate dependant. The high dose showed no gain, medium dose gave an increase of 50 m3 ha-1 and low dose a growth increase of 100 m3 ha-1 as compared to the control. In order to calculate NUEtree de Vries (2009) assumed a wood density of 500 kg m-3 and C content at 50% to calculate a net C gain of 25, 000 k g C the total N input was also calculated and net C gain was divided by this value to give 25 kg C/kg N for the lowest levels of N application. Model simulations have been used extensively in the literature. Levy et al. (2004) used three models (CENTURY, BCG and Hybrid) that employ a Monte Carlo approach, utilising conceptual algorithms that depend on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The models were applied to a coniferous forest in Sweden for a 100 year period. Simulated nitrogen deposition levels were from data by Schulze (2000) the current ambient nitrogen deposition of 12 kg N ha-1 year-1 or 10 Ãâ€" current ambient nitrogen deposition, 120 kg N ha-1 year-1. Sutton et al. (2008) used the same inputs as Levy et al. (2004) but calculated a smaller value of total N-deposition (6-26 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Milne and Van Oijen (2005) used a complex forest growth model (EFM) directly parameterised to 22 specific sites selected across Europe, because growing conditions such as soil nitrogen levels were available for the sites. Model simulations were run for an 80 year period, control runs maintained N-deposition v alues at their 1920 levels whereas environmental change scenarios ran observed values of change averaging 10.5  ± 5.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the whole period.

The Road Not Taken Analysis :: Free Essays

Line 1 In this line Frost introduces the elements of his primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Back to Poem Lines 2-3 Here the speaker expresses his regret at his human limitations, that he must make a choice. Yet, the choice is not easy, since "long I stood" before coming to a decision. Back to Poem Lines 4-5 He examines the path as best he can, but his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to acquire more information, he is prevented from doing so because of the nature of his environment. Back to Poem Lines 6-8 In these lines, the speaker seems to indicate that the second path is a more attractive choice because no one has taken it lately. However, he seems to feel ambivalent, since he also describes the path as "just as fair" as the first rather than more fair. Back to Poem Lines 9-12 Although the poet breaks the stanza after line 10, the central idea continues into the third stanza, creating a structural link between these parts of the poem. Here, the speaker states that the paths are "really about the same." Neither path has been traveled lately. Although he’s searching for a clear logical reason to decide on one path over another, that reason is unavailable. Back to Poem Lines 13-15 The speaker makes his decision, trying to persuade himself that he will eventually satisfy his desire to travel both paths, but simultaneously admitting that such a hope is unrealistic. Notice the exclamation mark after line 13; such a punctuation mark conveys excitement, but that excitement is quickly undercut by his admission in the following lines. Back to Poem Lines 16-20 In this stanza, the tone clearly shifts. This is the only stanza which also begins with a new sentence, indicating a stronger break from the previous ideas.

Blade Runner

Texts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the values and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The context in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are presented. Invariably, texts from differing contexts cause the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of audience and the difference in values and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time. The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compared and contrasted in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (The Director’s Cut) and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shelly’s work, most prominently in the animation of Frankenstein’s monster. This allusion to Giovanni Aldini’s public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the responder a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of life, by presenting the notion that electricity was the â€Å"spark of life†. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote â€Å"the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart†. The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"disgust† convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was also considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were becoming increasingly common. Blade Runner Texts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the values and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The context in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are presented. Invariably, texts from differing contexts cause the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of audience and the difference in values and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time. The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compared and contrasted in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (The Director’s Cut) and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shelly’s work, most prominently in the animation of Frankenstein’s monster. This allusion to Giovanni Aldini’s public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the responder a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of life, by presenting the notion that electricity was the â€Å"spark of life†. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote â€Å"the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart†. The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"disgust† convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was also considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were becoming increasingly common.

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The rise to power of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia unleashed one of the profoundest revolutions in world history. The upheavals were huge and resulted in misery and suffering for millions of people. One outcome was persecution of ethnic Vietnamese who had been living in Cambodia. Migration of many peoples throughout Southeast Asia has been a feature of history. This has resulted in a great deal of ethnic diversity. While most people are generally able to rub along together tolerably well, there are some exceptions and the treatment of the ethnic Vietnamese is one of these. The Vietnamese had traditionally been considered with some suspicion because of economic success wherever they had settled and because of the large numbers of the Vietnamese and, hence, the perceived threat they represented to other peoples. This situation was exacerbated in the wake of WWII when attempts to throw off European colonialism were led by the Vietnamese both in terms of success and in terms of a sustainable ideology. Communism appeared to many to be the only realistic alternative to colonial rule, since religious ideology and monarchism appealed only to minorities of people. As a result, the Vietnamese took an older brother position with respect to communism in mainland Southeast Asia. Intentionally or not, advisors and political experts quickly came to dominate thought and practice in both Cambodia and Laos. Vietnamese communism provided a real alternative to Chinese or Soviet forms and there seemed to be a real sense of an indigenous political ideology which would be able to unite the peoples of mainland Southeast Asia in independent autonomy. The Khmer Rouge victory destroyed whatever fraternal feelings were really involved in this movement. In their unleashed and unrestrained zeal, Khmer Rouge cadres turned against ethnic Vietnamese as bourgeois traitors to the revolution and undesirables. The turmoil to which this led on the border with Vietnam, as well as the instability it led to throughout the region, caused the Vietnamese to launch an invasion of Cambodia to bring some end to the decades of fighting there. This was of course condemned by the USA and looked upon by suspicion by China and, indeed, the rest of the Communist world, who looked askance upon Communist fighting supposedly Communist brother. In February of 1979, the formal alliance between China and Vietnam expired. This alliance had been born in a spirit of comradeship after centuries of Vietnamese resistance to Chinese attempts to dominate the region in one form or another. With the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the tacit support of the USA, which was more concerned with annoying the Soviet Union, the Chinese launched an offensive when their ultimatum was ignored. Approximately 100,000 Chinese personnel invaded northern Vietnam on February 17th of that year, rapidly reaching and destroying the towns of Cao Bang and Lang Son. The Vietnamese forces resisted fiercely and, better prepared for the difficult terrain in which fighting took place, managed to kill around 30,000 Chinese. The figures for Vietnamese casualties are not known. Laos supported the Vietnamese in their invasion and in their resistance to the Chinese aggression. Really, there was little else that the Lao government could do, since it was reliant upon technical assistance and aid from both Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Deprived of diplomatic support and suffering in the Vietnamese highlands, the Chinese withdrew to within their own borders. However, this was only the precursor to years of persistent raiding on both sides of the border. The Vietnamese used a base on Mount Laoshan to launch a series of raids onto Chinese territory. Most of the action for the next eight years involved artillery fir from both sides and the terrible effects of suffering endless bombing and deprivation. Soviet warships were invited to use the Cam Ranh Bay naval facility in Vietnam, thus helping to satisfy the Soviet requirement for a warm water port which would not see their vessels iced into incapacity for months every year. From the social perspective, the war resulted in harsh treatment to ethnic Chinese who had settled in Vietnam over the years. Economic aid to both Vietnam and Cambodia was officially suspended by the international community and thousands more sought to flee either country, whether by land or by sea.

7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course

7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course 7 Benefits That Will Persuade You to Attend an English Spoken Course Nowadays learning the English language Ã'â€"Ã'• trulÃ'Æ' a nÐ µÃ' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•Ã'â€"tÃ'Æ' for everyone. ThÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt hÐ °Ã'• rÐ µÃ °llÃ'Æ' Ã' rÐ µÃ °tÐ µd Ð °n Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÃ' Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd glÐ ¾bÐ °l community and its unÃ'â€"vÐ µrÃ'•Ð °l language Ã'â€"Ã'• EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h. It Ã'â€"Ã'• nÐ ¾t unÃ' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n for the US, CÐ °nÐ °dÃ'â€"Ð °n, AuÃ'•trÐ °lÃ'â€"Ð °n Ð °nd UK businesses to have Ã'•tÐ °ff, partners and Ã' uÃ'•tÐ ¾mÐ µrÃ'• all Ð ¾vÐ µr thÐ µ world. ThÐ µ trÐ °vÐ µl Ã'â€"nduÃ'•trÃ'Æ', Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ã'€Ð ¾lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• Ð °nd media are fully connected with EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, so Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã'€lÐ µ have come to the point that they nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ Ã'•Ã'€Ð µÃ °k EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °nd mÐ ¾rÐ µ. No matter whÐ µrÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u lÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð ¾r what Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u do, fluency in English Ã'â€"Ã'• becoming a must to funÃ' tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n todays society. Of cou rse there are many ways how one can improve his/her knowledge, but the best choice is to attend an English spoken course. Still don’t think that it is necessary to work at your English? Here are most important evidence to make you sure that English is a must: The International Language As one Ð ¾f thÐ µ most wÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'Æ' Ã'•Ã'€Ð ¾kÐ µn languages, English Ã'â€"Ã'• knÐ ¾wn as the Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l language. EvÐ µn in Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• whÐ µrÐ µ it Ã'â€"Ã'• not thÐ µ Ð ¾ffÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'â€"Ð °l lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ, Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"Ã'• becoming mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾nlÃ'Æ' spoken. Media Now wÐ µ lÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Media Age, and thÐ µ majority Ð ¾f the information Ã'â€"Ã'• Ã'â€"n English. Most wÐ µbÃ'•Ã'â€"tÐ µÃ'•, magazines, bÐ ¾Ã ¾kÃ'•, vÃ'â€"dÐ µÃ ¾Ã'• and research mÐ °tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °lÃ'• Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"n EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h as well. If you use thÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt Ã'â€"n your studies Ð ¾r Ã'€Ð µrÃ'•Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð °ffÐ °Ã'â€"rÃ'•, undoubtedly, Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have already rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd this. Business If Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have a desire tÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ buÃ'•Ã'â€"nÐ µÃ'•Ã'• glÐ ¾bÐ °llÃ'Æ' or Ð µvÐ µn juÃ'•t in thÐ µ US market in the future, being good at thÐ µ EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h language wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ a must fÐ ¾r you tÐ ¾ Ã'•uÃ' Ã' Ã µÃ µd. English-speaking Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã'€lÐ µ have much grÐ µÃ °tÐ µr Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð ¾rtunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• for business growth or Ð µvÐ µn for getting a well-paid job. Career CÐ °rÐ µÃ µr opportunities fÐ ¾r people whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ fluÐ µnt in EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h Ð °rÐ µ muÃ' h mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °bundÐ °nt thÐ °n for thÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µ whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t. People whÐ ¾ lÃ'â€"vÐ µ in Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¾r areas of the wÐ ¾rld can Ð µÃ °Ã'•Ã'â€"lÃ'Æ' get hÃ'â€"gh-Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ã'â€"ng jÐ ¾bÃ'• Ã'â€"n the US just due to knowing English well. Homeworking and wÐ ¾rkÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾nlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"Ã'• bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÃ'â€"ng commonplace Ã'â€"n thÐ µ business wÐ ¾rld tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ'. Most AmÐ µrÃ'â€"Ã' Ã °n Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °nÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• provide people from Ð ¾thÐ µr countries with jobs. English ThÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µ whÐ ¾ want to do business Ð ¾nlÃ'â€"nÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ interested tÐ ¾ knÐ ¾w that over 565 mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"Ð ¾n of IntÐ µrnÐ µt uÃ'•Ð µrÃ'• are EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h speakers. ThÐ µ mÐ °jÐ ¾rÃ'â€"tÃ'Æ' Ð ¾f the websites are also in English. Needless tÐ ¾ Ã'•Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'â€"f Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u wÐ °nt tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð µtÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ glÐ ¾bÐ °l market, EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h talking Ã'â€"Ã'• a rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µmÐ µnt, Ð °nd bÃ'Æ' hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng your wÐ µbÃ'•Ã'â€"tÐ µ Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ in EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, you wÃ'â€"ll Ã'â€"nÃ' rÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ð µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur rÐ µÃ °Ã' h Ð °nd readership by leaps Ð °nd bÐ ¾undÃ'•. Travelling Even if you Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t interested Ã'â€"n dÐ ¾Ã'â€"ng business glÐ ¾bÐ °llÃ'Æ', you mÐ °Ã'Æ' hÐ °vÐ µ the Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð ¾rtunÃ'â€"tÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ trÐ °vÐ µl abroad Ð °t different Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'â€"nts. WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ã'â€"t would bÐ µ Ã'â€"mÃ'€Ð ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ã'â€"blÐ µ tÐ ¾ lÐ µÃ °rn Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' language Ð ¾f the country Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u want tÐ ¾ vÃ'â€"Ã'•Ã'â€"t, juÃ'•t knÐ ¾wÃ'â€"ng English wÃ'â€"ll make your trÃ'â€"Ã'€ Ð µnjÐ ¾Ã'Æ'Ð °blÐ µ. Education MÐ ¾Ã'•t Ð ¾f the tÐ ¾Ã'€-rÐ °tÐ µd unÃ'â€"vÐ µrÃ'•Ã'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• Ã'â€"n thÐ µ world are Ã'â€"n EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h-Ã'•Ã'€Ð µÃ °kÃ'â€"ng Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• the US, the UK, AuÃ'•trÐ °lÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd CÐ °nÐ °dÐ °. If Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u are Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•Ã'â€"dÐ µrÃ'â€"ng Ã'•tudÃ'Æ'Ã'â€"ng Ð °brÐ ¾Ã °d, Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u wÃ'â€"ll nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ bÐ µ fluÐ µnt Ã'â€"n English not only to Ã'•tudÃ'Æ' Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'•Ð µ universities, but Ð °lÃ'•Ð ¾ tÐ ¾ pass Ð µntry exams as well as to obtain a Ã'€Ð µrmÃ'â€"tion for studying Ã'â€"n thÐ °t Ã' Ã ¾untrÃ'Æ'. Books frÐ ¾m Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr thÐ µ wÐ ¾rld are often trÐ °nÃ'•lÐ °tÐ µd Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ EnglÃ'â€"Ã'•h, more Ð ¾ftÐ µn thÐ °n Ð °nÃ'Æ' Ð ¾thÐ µr language. All in all, if you often struggle with writing English papers, try our service and get custom written papers online.

Selective Media Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selective Media - Lab Report Example Selective media has a limited number of microorganisms it can support in growth because the particular component inhibits most other microorganisms by either limiting their growth or production of toxic substance that inhibit growth of non-selected microbes hence appropriate in the selection of target microorganisms during diagnosis. Diagnostic procedures utilising growth characteristics of enteric microorganisms is one of the cheapest and the easiest microbiological protocol that can be adopted in any low-income laboratory or a facility with high throughput diagnostic equipments. During the diagnosis of enteric medical conditions, use of growth media in the diagnosis of microorganisms gives reliable information that guides subsequent diagnostic studies that aims at targeting a particular pathogen. However, the growth of microorganisms is a characteristic of the media used in the assessment of growth. All media do not support the growth of all pathogens. In fact, only nutrient agar can support the growth of most microorganisms. Therefore, utilising a particular media that targets an individual pathogen is a crucial phenomenon in bacterial culture laboratory practices. Media are made selective for a particular microorganism by the incorporation of growth enhancement component that targets a particular pathogen as well as growth limiting component that inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms. Such media is referred to as selective media because it either enhances or inhibits the growth. Using selecting media makes it easy to discriminate most unwanted pathogens that arise from environmental contamination and likely to give false positive diagnosis. This report assessed the growth, morphology characteristics, differential colony features of the four selected microorganisms (E. coli, Salmonella tyhimum, Shigella flecked, and Staphylococcus spp) on five selected selective media (Phenylethyl alcohol – PEA; Hektoen enteric agar- HEK;

The New Mecca by George Saunders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The New Mecca by George Saunders - Essay Example Saunders narrative the new Mecca has assisted a considerable number of people to change the attitude developed in certain things. Ignorance can make individuals to develop perceptions about certain places that are completely misplaced and untrue. According to Saunders, misconceptions from a far are sources of biasness that can be costly to a person, touring the world is a remedy to eliminating some of these perceptions. The magnificent city of Dubai changed Saunders attitude about a place he had never travelled before and the conclusive statement at the end of his narrative the new Mecca city carries the theme of the narrative. The picture created about Dubai was that it was a risky desert town with makeshift structures, which could not house people of class effectively. When Saunders had not travelled to Dubai, he heard the magnificent ideas that the government of United Arabs Emirates had but he only thought that these were just blusters. Saunders (23) states that, â€Å"Dubai looked something like Dallas circa 1985: a vast expanse of white boxes, punctuated by clusters of freakish skyscrapers†. This implies that the government had indeed fulfilled its plans to develop United Arabs Emirates to the benefit of its loyal citizens. On the plane to Dubai, he was amused to see a new technology based city dazzling in the desert. The ideas that sounded only theoretical to many people were indeed practical and all the projects were underway with some completed. There is a conception that the people in Dubai are violent hence, difficult to learn their language. Very many people doubt whether they can cope up with life in Dubai because of the language barrier. They think that they would find only uncooperative natives as city dwellers who only understand the local languages and it would be hard for them to find a translator. In reality when Saunders landed in Dubai, he was surprised that most of the city dwellers were foreigners who spoke very decent English and were very welcoming even if there were dressed like local Arabs. According to Saunders (24), â€Å"they are young sweet hearted guys from Nepal or Kenya or the Philippines, who speak terrific English†. Indeed Dubai proved to be an international city hence the idea of a language should not linger in the people’s minds. Most of the workers in the city came from the world poorest nations of Africa and southern Asia and all of them were satisfied with the life in this city. Saunders stated that,